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, rapeseed (Brassica napus), barrel clover (Medicago truncatula), and Arabidopsis 708 thaliana plantlets. (A) Impact of root exudates on denitrifying activity of microbial community colonising the root 709 system. Denitrification activity (g N-N2O h -1 .g -1 dried roots) was measured in triplicates after the addition of nitrate 710 source only. (B) Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) of soil samples amended with nitrate, Figure 1. Denitrification activities of microbiota colonising the root system and inhabiting the root-adhering soil 707 of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
, of dried soil) and carbon sources (0.5 mg of C-glucose and 0.5 mg of C-glutamic acid g -1 of dried soil) measured 712 in triplicates. Letters show which means differed between treatments (Tukey's test
, Figure 2. Nitrogen uptake of ammonium and nitrate for aboveground (A) and belowground (B) tissues 12 h after 716 15 N labelling (NO3 -or NH4 + ) of wheat (Triticum aestivum), rapeseed (Brassica napus), barrel clover (Medicago 717 truncatula), and Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets. Vertical bars: Means ± Standard Errors. Means significantly 718 different from 15 N-NO3 -: *, P < 0.05. Nitrogen uptake was not measured belowground for A
, Analysis of bacterial diversity. (A) Distribution of the 15 th majors bacterial phyla (abundance in %) 722
, rapeseed (Brassica napus), barrel 723 clover (Medicago truncatula), and Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets. A Venn diagram showing shared and unique 724 bacterial OTUs at 100% identity among bacterial community colonising the root system (B) and those inhabiting 725 the root-adhering soil (C) retrieved from the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum), rapeseed (Brassica napus), among the root system and the root-adhering soil of wheat (Triticum aestivum), vol.726
, Significant co-occurrence and co-exclusion relationships among the microbiota inhabiting the root-729 adhering soil (in green) and colonising the root system (in brown) of wheat (Triticum aestivum), rapeseed 730 (Brassica napus), barrel clover (Medicago truncatula), and Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets. The colour of nodes 731 (ring of the cercal) corresponds to the phylum