T. Allen, T. Starr, L. An, M. Linderman, and J. Qi, Hierarchy: perspective for ecological complexity Exploring complexity in a human-environment system: an agent-based spatial model for multidisciplinary and multiscale integration, 1982.

N. Andrieu, C. Poix, and E. Josien, Simulation of forage management strategies considering farm-level land diversity: Example of dairy farms in the Auvergne, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.55, issue.1, pp.36-48, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compag.2006.11.004

M. Antrop, Why landscapes of the past are important for the future, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.70, issue.1-2, pp.21-34, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.002

G. Augustins, Les transmissions entre g??n??rations dans les soci??t??s paysannes europ??ennes, Patrimoines en folie. Maison Sciences de l'Homme Editions, pp.149-166, 1990.
DOI : 10.4000/books.editionsmsh.3789

URL : http://books.openedition.org/editionsmsh/3789

G. Balent, Construction of a reference frame for studying the changes in species composition in grassland, Opt Medit, vol.15, pp.73-81, 1991.

G. Balent, A. Gibon, G. Balent, D. Alard, and V. Blanfort, Organisation collective et individuelle dans la gestion des ressources pastorales Conséquences sur la durabilité agro-e ´cologique des ressources, Opt Medit, vol.27, issue.47, pp.267-277419, 1998.

O. Barreteau, M. Antona, and P. Aquino, Our companion modeling approach JASSS 6 http Multi-agent simulation for the targeting of development policies in less-favored areas, Agric Syst, vol.88, pp.28-43, 2003.

F. Berkes and C. Seixas, Building Resilience in Lagoon Social???Ecological Systems: A Local-level Perspective, Ecosystems, vol.43, issue.8, pp.967-974, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-005-0140-4

F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, Navigating social-ecological systems Building resilience for complexity and change Modelling the dynamics of agricultural development at farm and regional level, Agric Syst, vol.76, pp.379-396, 2003.

F. Bousquet, L. Page, and C. , Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: a review, Ecological Modelling, vol.176, issue.3-4, pp.313-332, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.01.011

F. Bousquet, I. Bakam, and H. Proton, Cormas: Common-pool resources and multi-agent systems, Lecture Notes in AI, vol.1416, pp.826-838, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-64574-8_469

J. Brandt and H. Vejre, Multifunctional Landscapes?motives, concepts and perceptions Multifunctional Landscapes vol. I: Theory, Values and History, pp.3-31, 2003.

D. Brown, D. Robinson, and L. An, Exurbia from the bottom-up: Confronting empirical challenges to characterizing a complex system, Geoforum, vol.39, issue.2, pp.805-818, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.02.010

M. Burgi, A. Hersperger, and N. Schneeberger, Driving forces of landscape change ??? current and new directions, Landscape Ecology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.857-868, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-004-0245-8

A. Capillon, I. , P. Castella, J. , N. Trung et al., Typologie des exploitations agricoles, contribution a ` l'e ´tude régionale des problèmes techniques Participatory simulation of land-use changes in the northern mountains of Vietnam: the combined use of an agent-based model, a role-playing game, and a geographic information system, Ecol Soc, vol.10, pp.1-27, 1993.

J. Deffontaines, C. Thenail, and J. Baudry, Agricultural systems and landscape patterns: how can we build a relationship?, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.31, issue.1-3, pp.3-10, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-2046(94)01031-3

J. Dent, G. Edwards-jones, and M. Mcgregor, Simulation of ecological, social and economic factors in agricultural systems, Agricultural Systems, vol.49, issue.4, pp.337-351, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0308-521X(95)00029-5

M. Duru, G. Balent, and A. Langlet, Mineral nutritional status and botanical composition of pastures. I. Effects on herbage accumulation, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.3, issue.1, pp.43-51, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S1161-0301(14)80109-3

M. Etienne, D. Toit, D. Pollard, and S. , ARDI: a co-construction method for participatory modelling in natural resources management An agent-based approach to model future residential pressure on a regional landscape, Rounsevell M Landscape Ecol, vol.24, pp.6-101237, 2008.

B. Fu, Y. Lu, and L. Chen, Expanding the bridging capability of landscape ecology, Landscape Ecology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.375-376, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-008-9214-y

M. Gellrich, P. Baur, and B. Koch, Agricultural land abandonment and natural forest re-growth in the Swiss mountains: A spatially explicit economic analysis, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.118, issue.1-4, pp.93-108, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.001

A. Gibon, Etudier la diversité des exploitations agricoles pour appréhender les transformations locales de l'utilisation de l'espace: exemple d'une vallée des Pyrénées centrales Managing grassland for production, the environment and the landscape. Challenges at the farm and the landscape level, Opt Medit Livest Prod Sci, vol.27, issue.96, pp.197-21511, 1999.

A. Gibon and G. Balent, Landscapes on the french side of the Western and Central Pyrenees (eds) Landscape ecology and management of Atlantic Mountains, pp.65-74, 2005.

A. Gibon and B. Fidalgo, Landscape and land-use change Managing and planning landscape change: the role of visualisation tools for public participation, 2009.

A. Gibon, S. Lardon, and J. Rellier, The heterogeneity of grassland fields as a limiting factor in the organization of forage systems. Development of a simulation tool of harvests management in the Central Pyrenees, INRA Et Rech SAD, vol.16, pp.105-117, 1989.

V. Grimm, E. Revilla, and U. Berger, Pattern-Oriented Modeling of Agent-Based Complex Systems: Lessons from Ecology, Science, vol.310, issue.5750, pp.987-991, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1116681

K. Helming and H. Wiggering, Sustainable development of multifunctional landscapes. Springler Understanding the complexity of economical , ecological and social systems, Berlin Holling CS Ecosystems, vol.4, pp.390-405, 2001.

M. Janssen and E. Ostrom, Empirically Based, Agent-based models, Ecology and Society, vol.11, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.5751/ES-01861-110237

URL : http://doi.org/10.5751/es-01861-110237

M. Julien, D. Alard, and G. Balent, Patterns of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) colonization in mountain grasslands: the importance of management practices, Plant Ecol, vol.183, pp.177-189, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01360582

R. Kates, T. Parris, and A. Leiserowitz, What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice, Environment, vol.47, pp.8-21, 2005.

J. Kolasa and S. Pickett, Ecological systems and the concept of biological organization, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.86, issue.22, pp.8837-8841, 1989.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.86.22.8837

Q. Le, S. Park, and P. Vlek, Land-Use Dynamic Simulator (LUDAS): A multi-agent system model for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics of coupled human???landscape system. I. Structure and theoretical specification, Ecological Informatics, vol.3, issue.2, pp.135-153, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2008.04.003

C. Lundstrom, S. Kytzia, and A. Walz, Linking Models of Land Use, Resources, and Economy to Simulate the Development of Mountain Regions (ALPSCAPE), Environmental Management, vol.12, issue.3, pp.379-393, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00267-005-0342-8

S. Manson and T. Evans, Agent-based modeling of deforestation in southern Yucatan, Mexico, and reforestation in the Midwest United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.52, pp.20678-20683, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0705802104

R. Matthews, The People and Landscape Model (PALM): Towards full integration of human decision-making and biophysical simulation models, Ecological Modelling, vol.194, issue.4, pp.329-343, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.10.032

R. Matthews, N. Gilbert, and A. Roach, Agent-based land-use models: a review of applications, Landscape Ecology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.1447-1459, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-007-9135-1

D. Miller, G. Fry, and C. Quine, Managing and planning landscape change: the role of visualisation tools for public participation, 2009.

J. Millington, R. Romero-calcerrada, and J. Wainwright, An agent-based model of mediterranean agricultural land-use/cover change for examining wildfire risk Participatory modelling of social and ecological dynamics in mountain landscapes subjected to spontaneous ash reforestation, Modelling environmental dynamics, advances in geomatic solutions, pp.199-222, 2008.

E. Moreira, S. Costa, and A. Aguiar, Dynamical coupling of multiscale land change models, Landscape Ecology, vol.153, issue.9, pp.1183-1194, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-009-9397-x

A. Mottet, E. Toulouse, A. Sevab-mottet, S. Ladet, and N. Coqué, Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes: A case study in the Pyrenees, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.114, issue.2-4, pp.296-310, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.017

M. Muraz, S. Durrieu, and S. Labbe, Comment valoriser les photos aériennes dans les SIG, Ingénieries?EAT, vol.20, pp.39-57, 1999.

Z. Naveh, Landscape ecology and sustainability, Landscape Ecology, vol.21, issue.10, pp.1437-1440, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-007-9171-x

R. Økland, Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia, Sommerfeltia, vol.1, pp.1-233, 1990.

A. Otte, D. Simmering, and V. Wolters, Biodiversity at the landscape level: recent concepts and perspectives for multifunctional land use, Landscape Ecology, vol.17, issue.5, pp.639-642, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-007-9094-6

D. Parker and T. Filatova, A conceptual design for a bilateral agent-based land market with heterogeneous economic agents, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol.32, issue.6, pp.454-463, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2008.09.012

D. Parker, S. Manson, and M. Jansen, Multi-Agent Systems for the Simulation of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: A Review, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol.1, issue.2, pp.314-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/35065672

T. Plieninger, F. Hochtl, and T. Spek, Traditional land-use and nature conservation in European rural landscapes, Environmental Science & Policy, vol.9, issue.4, pp.317-321, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsci.2006.03.001

R. Benayas, J. Martins, A. Nicolau, and J. , Abandonment of agricultural land. An overview of drivers and consequences. CAB Reviews: Persp. AVSNNR Comparison of empirical methods for building agent-based models in land use science, J Land Use Sci, vol.2, issue.2, pp.31-55, 2007.

R. Soliva, K. Ronningen, and I. Bella, Envisioning upland futures: Stakeholder responses to scenarios for Europe's mountain landscapes, Journal of Rural Studies, vol.24, issue.1, pp.56-71, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.04.001

T. Streifeneder, U. Tappeiner, and F. Ruffini, Eclairage sur les transformations des structures agricoles dans les Alpes. Comparaison des indicateurs agro-structurels a ` l'e ´chelle locale, J Alpine Res, vol.95, pp.27-40, 2007.
DOI : 10.4000/rga.286

URL : http://doi.org/10.4000/rga.286

E. Tasser, R. Rufini, and U. Tappeiner, An integrative approach for analysing landscape dynamics in diverse cultivated and natural mountain areas, Landscape Ecology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.611-628, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-009-9337-9

M. Turner, Landscape Ecology: What Is the State of the Science?, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.36, issue.1, pp.319-344, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152614

B. Turner, . Ii, E. Lambin, and A. Reenberg, The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.52, pp.20666-20671, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0704119104

D. Valbuena, P. Verburg, and A. Bregt, An agentbased approach to model land-use change at a regional scale, Landscape Ecol, pp.10980-10989, 2009.

P. Verburg, Simulating feedbacks in land use and land cover change models, Landscape Ecology, vol.70, issue.4, pp.1171-1183, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-006-0029-4

S. Wagner, Ein Modell zur Fruchtausbreitung der Esche (Fraxinus excelsior L.) unter Berücksichtigung von Richtungseffekten, Allg Forst-u Jagd-Zeitung Jg, vol.168, pp.149-155, 1997.

P. Wardle, Fraxinus Excelsior L., The Journal of Ecology, vol.49, issue.3, pp.739-751, 1961.
DOI : 10.2307/2257236

J. Wu, Landscape Ecology, Cross-disciplinarity, and Sustainability Science, Landscape Ecology, vol.17, issue.71, pp.1-4, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-006-7195-2

J. Wu and J. David, A spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: theory and applications, Ecological Modelling, vol.153, issue.1-2, pp.7-26, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00499-9