M. J. Mcfall-ngai, Unseen forces: the influence of bacteria on animal development, Dev Biol, vol.242, pp.1-14, 2002.

I. I. Ivanov and D. R. Littman, Modulation of immune homeostasis by commensal bacteria, Curr Opin Microbiol, vol.14, pp.106-114, 2011.

J. Ryu, S. Kim, H. Lee, J. Y. Bai, Y. D. Nam et al., Innate immune homeostasis by the homeobox gene caudal and commensal-gut mutualism in Drosophila, Science, vol.319, pp.777-782, 2008.

J. V. Troll, D. M. Adin, A. M. Wier, N. Paquette, N. Silverman et al., Peptidoglycan induces loss of a nuclear peptidoglycan recognition protein during host tissue development in a beneficial animal-bacterial symbiosis, Cell Microbiol, vol.11, pp.1114-1127, 2009.

J. H. Werren, L. Baldo, and M. E. Clark, Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology, Nat Rev Microbiol, vol.6, pp.741-751, 2008.

F. Dedeine, F. Vavre, F. Fleury, B. Loppin, M. E. Hochberg et al., Removing symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria specifically inhibits oogenesis in a parasitic wasp, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.98, pp.6247-6252, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427163

F. Dedeine, M. Boulétreau, and F. Vavre, Wolbachia requirement for oogenesis: occurrence within the genus Asobara (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and evidence for intraspecific variation in A. tabida, Heredity, vol.95, pp.394-400, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427734

N. Kremer, F. Dedeine, D. Charif, C. Finet, R. Allemand et al., Do variable compensatory mechanisms explain the polymorphism of the dependence phenotype in the Asobara tabida-Wolbachia association? Evolution, vol.64, pp.2969-2979, 2010.

B. A. Pannebakker, B. Loppin, C. Elemans, L. Humblot, and F. Vavre, Parasitic inhibition of cell death facilitates symbiosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.104, pp.213-215, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00180908

K. Mccall, Eggs over easy: cell death in the Drosophila ovary, Dev Biol, vol.274, pp.3-14, 2004.

L. Böhme and T. Rudel, Host cell death machinery as a target for bacterial pathogens, Microbes Infect, vol.11, pp.1063-1070, 2009.

F. Vavre, N. Kremer, B. A. Pannebakker, B. Loppin, and P. Mavingui, Is symbiosis evolution influenced by the pleiotropic role of programmed cell death in immunity and development?, Insect Symbiosis, vol.3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02569846

K. Bourtzis and T. A. Miller, , pp.57-75, 2008.

J. C. Brownlie, B. N. Cass, M. Riegler, J. J. Witsenburg, I. Iturbe-ormaetxe et al., Evidence for metabolic provisioning by a common invertebrate endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis, during periods of nutritional stress, PLoS Pathog, vol.5, p.1000368, 2009.

N. Kremer, D. Voronin, D. Charif, P. Mavingui, B. Mollereau et al., Wolbachia interferes with ferritin expression and iron metabolism in insects, PLoS Pathog, vol.5, p.1000630, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00850400

L. J. Brennan, B. A. Keddie, H. R. Braig, and H. L. Harris, The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis induces the expression of host antioxidant proteins in an Aedes albopictus cell line, PLoS One, vol.3, p.2083, 2008.

A. Molina-cruz, R. J. Dejong, B. Charles, L. Gupta, S. Kumar et al., Reactive oxygen species modulate Anopheles gambiae immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium, J Biol Chem, vol.283, pp.3217-3223, 2008.

J. Ryu, E. Ha, and W. Lee, Innate immunity and gut-microbe mutualism in Drosophila, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.34, pp.369-376, 2010.

L. Teixeira, A. Ferreira, and M. Ashburner, The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia induces resistance to RNA viral infections in Drosophila melanogaster, PLoS Biol, vol.6, p.2, 2008.

S. E. Osborne, Y. S. Leong, S. L. O'neill, and K. N. Johnson, Variation in antiviral protection mediated by different Wolbachia strains in Drosophila simulans, PLoS Pathog, vol.5, p.1000656, 2009.

L. A. Moreira, I. Iturbe-ormaetxe, J. A. Jeffery, G. Lu, A. T. Pyke et al., A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium, vol.139, pp.1268-1278, 2009.

G. Bian, Y. Xu, P. Lu, Y. Xie, and Z. Xi, The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in Aedes aegypti, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, p.1000833, 2010.

I. Iturbe-ormaetxe, O. Neill, and S. L. , Wolbachia-host interactions: connecting phenotype to genotype, Curr Opin Microbiol, vol.10, pp.221-224, 2007.

Z. Xi, L. Gavotte, Y. Xie, and S. L. Dobson, Genome-wide analysis of the interaction between the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia and its Drosophila host, BMC Genomics, vol.9, p.1, 2008.

T. Ikeya, S. Broughton, A. N. Grandison, R. Partridge, and L. , The endosymbiont Wolbachia increases insulin/IGF-like signalling in Drosophila, Proc Biol Sci, vol.276, pp.3799-37807, 2009.

F. Dedeine, F. Vavre, D. D. Shoemaker, and M. Boulétreau, Intra-individual coexistence of a Wolbachia strain required for host oogenesis with two strains inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility in the wasp Asobara tabida, Evolution, vol.58, pp.2167-2174, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427570

K. Zouache, D. Voronin, V. Tran-van, and P. Mavingui, Composition of bacterial communities associated with natural and laboratory populations of Asobara tabida infected with Wolbachia, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.75, pp.3755-3764, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02545050

J. David, A new medium for rearing Drosophila in axenic conditions, Drosophila Info Serv, vol.36, p.128, 1962.

Y. Y. Zhu, E. M. Machleder, A. Chenchik, R. Li, and P. D. Siebert, Reverse transcriptase template switching: a SMART approach for full-length cDNA library construction, Biotechniques, vol.30, pp.892-897, 2001.

P. A. Zhulidov, E. A. Bogdanova, A. S. Shcheglov, L. L. Vagner, G. L. Khaspekov et al., Simple cDNA normalization using kamchatka crab duplexspecific nuclease, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.32, p.37, 2004.

D. A. Shagin, D. V. Rebrikov, V. B. Kozhemyako, I. M. Altshuler, A. S. Shcheglov et al., A novel method for SNP detection using a new duplex-specific nuclease from crab hepatopancreas, Genome Res, vol.12, pp.1935-1942, 2002.

P. Chomczynski and N. Sacchi, Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction, Anal Biochem, vol.162, pp.156-159, 1987.

L. Diatchenko, S. Lukyanov, Y. F. Lau, and P. D. Siebert, Suppression subtractive hybridization: a versatile method for identifying differentially expressed genes, Methods Enzymol, vol.303, pp.349-380, 1999.

L. Diatchenko, Y. F. Lau, A. P. Campbell, A. Chenchik, F. Moqadam et al., Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.93, pp.6025-6030, 1996.

D. V. Rebrikov, O. V. Britanova, N. G. Gurskaya, K. A. Lukyanov, V. S. Tarabykin et al., Mirror orientation selection (MOS): a method for eliminating false positive clones from libraries generated by suppression subtractive hybridization, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.28, p.90, 2000.

B. Ewing, L. Hillier, M. C. Wendl, and P. Green, Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment, Genome Res, vol.8, pp.175-185, 1998.

B. Ewing and P. Green, Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities, Genome Res, vol.8, pp.186-94, 1998.

G. Pertea, X. Huang, F. Liang, V. Antonescu, R. Sultana et al., TIGR Gene Indices clustering tools (TGICL): a software system for fast clustering of large EST datasets, vol.19, pp.651-652, 2003.

A. Conesa, S. Götz, J. M. García-gómez, J. Terol, M. Talón et al., Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research, Bioinformatics, vol.21, pp.3674-3676, 2005.

S. Götz, J. M. García-gómez, J. Terol, T. D. Williams, S. H. Nagaraj et al., High-throughput functional annotation and data mining with the Blast2GO suite, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.36, pp.3420-3435, 2008.

F. Al-shahrour, R. Díaz-uriarte, and J. Dopazo, FatiGO: a web tool for finding significant associations of Gene Ontology terms with groups of genes, Bioinformatics, vol.20, pp.578-580, 2004.

, Pfaffl MW: A new mathematical model for relative quantification in realtime RT-PCR, vol.29, p.45, 2001.

D. J. Starr and T. W. Cline, A host parasite interaction rescues Drosophila oogenesis defects, Nature, vol.418, pp.76-79, 2002.

A. M. Tarone, Y. M. Nasser, and S. V. Nuzhdin, Genetic variation for expression of the sex determination pathway genes in Drosophila melanogaster, Genet Res, vol.86, pp.31-40, 2005.

T. W. Cline, M. Dorsett, S. Sun, M. M. Harrison, J. Dines et al., Evolution of the Drosophila feminizing switch gene Sex-lethal, Genetics, vol.186, pp.1321-1336, 2010.

M. Wu, L. V. Sun, J. Vamathevan, M. Riegler, R. Deboy et al., Phylogenomics of the reproductive parasite Wolbachia pipientis wMel: a streamlined genome overrun by mobile genetic elements, vol.2, p.69, 2004.

J. Foster, M. Ganatra, I. Kamal, J. Ware, K. Makarova et al., The Wolbachia genome of Brugia malayi: endosymbiont evolution within a human pathogenic nematode, PLoS Biol, vol.3, p.121, 2005.

L. Klasson, T. Walker, M. Sebaihia, M. J. Sanders, M. A. Quail et al., Genome evolution of Wolbachia strain wPip from the Culex pipiens group, Mol Biol Evol, vol.25, pp.1877-1887, 2008.

L. Klasson, J. Westberg, P. Sapountzis, K. Näslund, Y. Lutnaes et al., The mosaic genome structure of the Wolbachia wRi strain infecting Drosophila simulans, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.106, pp.5725-5730, 2009.

S. L. Salzberg, D. Puiu, D. D. Sommer, V. Nene, and N. H. Lee, Genome sequence of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Culex quinquefasciatus JHB, J Bacteriol, vol.191, p.1725, 2009.

Z. Kambris, A. M. Blagborough, S. B. Pinto, M. Blagrove, H. Godfray et al., Sinkins SP: Wolbachia stimulates immune gene expression and inhibits plasmodium development in Anopheles gambiae, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, p.1001143, 2010.

G. L. Hughes, X. Ren, J. L. Ramirez, J. M. Sakamoto, J. A. Bailey et al., Wolbachia Infections in Anopheles gambiae Cells: Transcriptomic Characterization of a Novel Host-Symbiont Interaction, vol.7, p.1001296, 2011.

P. Eslin, G. Prévost, S. Havard, and G. Doury, Immune resistance of Drosophila hosts against Asobara parasitoids: cellular aspects, Adv Parasitol, vol.70, pp.189-215, 2009.

F. Fleury, P. Gibert, N. Ris, and R. Allemand, Ecology and life history evolution of frugivorous Drosophila parasitoids, Adv Parasitol, vol.70, pp.3-44, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539382

B. Wertheim, A. R. Kraaijeveld, E. Schuster, E. Blanc, M. Hopkins et al., Genome-wide gene expression in response to parasitoid attack in Drosophila, Genome Biology, vol.6, p.94, 2005.

J. Ballard and R. G. Melvin, Tetracycline treatment influences mitochondrial metabolism and mtDNA density two generations after treatment in Drosophila, Insect Mol Biol, vol.16, pp.799-802, 2007.

W. Lee, Bacterial-modulated host immunity and stem cell activation for gut homeostasis, Genes Dev, vol.23, pp.2260-2265, 2009.

R. Gross, F. Vavre, A. Heddi, G. Hurst, E. Zchori-fein et al., Immunity and symbiosis, Mol Microbiol, vol.73, pp.751-759, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00850403

R. Pais, C. Lohs, Y. Wu, J. Wang, and S. Aksoy, The obligate mutualist Wigglesworthia glossinidia influences reproduction, digestion, and immunity processes of its host, the tsetse fly, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.74, pp.5965-5974, 2008.

J. Wang, Y. Wu, G. Yang, and S. Aksoy, Interactions between mutualist Wigglesworthia and tsetse peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-LB) influence trypanosome transmission, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.106, pp.12133-12141, 2009.

H. Anbutsu and T. Fukatsu, Evasion, suppression and tolerance of Drosophila innate immunity by a male-killing Spiroplasma endosymbiont, Insect Mol Biol, vol.19, pp.481-488, 2010.

L. Mouton, F. Dedeine, H. Henri, M. Boulétreau, N. Profizi et al., Virulence, multiple infections and regulation of symbiotic population in the Wolbachia-Asobara tabida symbiosis, Genetics, vol.168, pp.181-189, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427630

C. Anselme, V. Pérez-brocal, A. Vallier, C. Vincent-monegat, D. Charif et al., Identification of the weevil immune genes and their expression in the bacteriome tissue, BMC Biol, vol.6, p.43, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00391128

K. Bourtzis, M. M. Pettigrew, and S. L. O'neill, Wolbachia neither induces nor suppresses transcripts encoding antimicrobial peptides, Insect Mol Biol, vol.9, pp.635-639, 2000.

. Kremer, BMC Microbiology, vol.12, issue.1, 2012.

R. J. Dejong, L. M. Miller, A. Molina-cruz, L. Gupta, S. Kumar et al., Reactive oxygen species detoxification by catalase is a major determinant of fecundity in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.104, pp.2121-2126, 2007.

T. L. Parkes, K. Kirby, J. P. Phillips, and A. J. Hilliker, Transgenic analysis of the cSODnull phenotypic syndrome in Drosophila, Genome, vol.41, pp.642-651, 1998.

F. Chevalier, J. Herbinière-gaboreau, D. Charif, G. Mitta, F. Gavory et al., Feminizing Wolbachia: a transcriptomics approach with insights on the immune response genes in Armadillidium vulgare, BMC Microbiol, vol.12, p.1, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00661197

A. Vigneron, D. Charif, C. Vincent-monegat, A. Vallier, F. Gavory et al., Host gene response to endosymbiont and pathogen in the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae, BMC Microbiol, vol.12, issue.1, p.14, 2012.

. Kremer, Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and take full advantage of: ? Convenient online submission ? Thorough peer review ? No space constraints or color figure charges ? Immediate publication on acceptance ? Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar ? Research which is freely available for redistribution, BMC Microbiology, issue.1, p.7, 2012.