During the transfer of rainbow trout from freshwater to seawater, the gills have to switch from an ion-absorption epithelium to an ion-secretion epithelium in order to maintain equilibrium of their hydromineral balance. After a change to ambient salinity, several gill modifications have already been demonstrated, including ion transporters. In order to identify new branchial mechanisms implicated in seawater acclimation, we carried out an extensive analysis of gene expression in gills using microarray technology. This strategy allowed us to show that CYP1A gene expression was up-regulated in the gills after salinity transfer. This increase was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, measurements of CYP1A enzyme activity (EROD) showed a significant increase after transfer to seawater. Immunohistochem-istry analysis in the gills revealed that cells with a higher expression of CYP1A protein were principally pillar cells and those in the primary lamellae not in contact with the external medium. The results of this study suggest for the first time that CYP1A may be implicated in the seawater acclimation of the gills of rainbow trout.