F. J. Hughes-j and . F. Harvey-i, Life expectancy and egg load affect oviposition decisions of a solitary parasitoid, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (B), pp.163-167, 1994.

F. S. , P. D. Brunel-e, and N. J. Cortesero-a, Do female coleopteran parasitoids enhance their reproductive success by selecting high-quality oviposition sites, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.70, pp.1046-1052, 2001.

G. S. Rivero-a and . Varaldi-j, Superparasitism evolution: adaptation and manipulation? ? Am, Nat, vol.176, pp.1-22, 2006.

G. H. and W. Q. Dorn-s, Superparasitism in Cotesia glomerata: response of hosts and consequences for parasitoids, Ecol. Entomol, vol.28, pp.422-431, 2003.

G. P. Montoya-p, C. G. Pérez-lachaud, and . Liedo-p, Superparasitism in mass reared Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a parasitoid of fruit fl ies (Diptera: Tephritidae), Biol. Contr, vol.40, pp.320-326, 2006.

H. A. Shakeel-m, R. E. Xiong-zhao-h, and . Wang-q, 2015: Superparasitism and host discrimination behavior of Eretmocerus warrae Naumann & Schmidt (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ). ? Turk, J. Agric. For, vol.39, pp.1-6

H. I. and M. G. Hubbard-s, Adaptive patterns in the avoidance of superparasitism by solitary parasitic wasps, ? Colloques INRA, vol.48, pp.137-142, 1987.

H. J. and H. I. Thompson-d, The effect of superparasitism on development of the solitary parasitoid wasp, Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Ecol. Entomol, vol.18, pp.203-208, 1993.

H. E. Khafagi-w, Developmental interaction between suboptimal instars of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitoid Microptilis rufi ventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ? Arch, Insect Biochem. Physiol, vol.60, pp.172-184, 2005.

H. G. Rosenheim-j, Egg limitation in parasitoids: a review of the evidence and a case study, Biol. Contr, vol.11, pp.160-168, 1998.

H. K. and P. S. Heimpel-g, 2013: Is parasitoid acceptance of different host species dynamic? ? Funct, Ecol, vol.27, pp.1201-1211

H. D. Noyes-j, 1994: A revision of the Indo-Pacifi c species of Ooencyrtus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the immature stages of economically important insect species (mainly Hemiptera and Lepidoptera), Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.), vol.63, pp.1-136

H. S. , M. G. , and R. A. Rowe-g, Adaptive patterns in the avoidance of super-parasitism, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.56, pp.387-401, 1987.

. Tunca, Tendency and consequences of superparasitism for the parasitoid Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in parasitizing a new laboratory host, Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), European Journal of Entomology, vol.113, pp.51-59, 2016.
DOI : 10.14411/eje.2016.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01270215

H. J. and H. I. Hubbard-s, Host searching behavior of Venturia canescens (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae ): interference ? the effect of mature egg load and prior behavior, J. Insect Behav, vol.7, pp.433-454, 1994.

I. K. Copland-m, Infl uence of egg load and oviposition time interval on the host discrimination and offspring survival of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae ), a solitary endoparasitoid of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), ? Bull. Entomol. Res, vol.90, pp.69-75, 2000.

I. Y. Suzuki-y, Theory of oviposition strategy in parasitoids. I. Effect of mortality and limited egg number. ? Theor, Popul. Biol, vol.26, pp.205-227, 1984.

J. M. Kidd-n, Host-feeding strategies in hymenopteran parasitoids, Biol. Rev, vol.61, pp.395-434, 1986.

J. M. Kidd-n, Insect Natural Enemies: Practical Approaches to their Study and Evaluation, 1996.

J. M. Kidd-n and . E. Heimpel-g, Parasitoid adult feeding behaviour and biocontrol ? a review, ? Biocontr. News Inform, vol.17, pp.11-22, 1996.

J. W. Greenberg-s and . Legaspi-b, The effect of varying Bemisia argentifolii and Eretmocerus mundus ratios on parasitism, ? Biol. Contr, vol.44, pp.13-28, 1999.

K. A. and T. A. Luck-r, Dynamic virulence in a parasitoid wasp: the infl uence of clutch size and sequential oviposition on egg encapsulation, Anim. Behav, vol.83, pp.833-838, 2012.

K. T. Segoli-m, . Barak-r, . Steinberg-s, . Giron-d, . R. Strand-m et al., Costs and consequences of superparasitism in the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Ecol. Entomol, vol.31, pp.277-283, 2006.

K. Y. Kishinevsky-m and S. M. Keasar-t, 2012: Repeated probing of hosts: an important component of superparasitism, Behav. Ecol, vol.23, pp.1263-1268

K. W. Hegazi-e, Does superparasitism improve host suitability for parasitoid development? A case study in the Microplitis rufi ventris ? Spodoptera littoralis system, ? BioControl, vol.53, pp.427-438, 2008.

K. T. Van, 2013: The effect of multi-species host density on superparasitism and sex ratio in a gregarious parasitoid, ? Ecol. Entomol, vol.38, pp.138-146

L. P. Holtzer-t, Patch and prey utilization behaviors by Aphelinus albipodus and Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae and Aphidiidae) on Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), ? Biol. Contr, vol.24, pp.183-191, 2002.

L. Z. Xu-b and L. L. Sun, 2011: Host-size mediated tradeoff in a parasitoid Sclerodermus harmandi, ? PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.8, p.23260

L. O. Hénaut-y, C. J. Lambin-m, . Cruz-lópez-l, and . C. Rojas-j, Is host size an indicator of quality in the massreared parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)? ? Fla Entomol, pp.441-449, 2009.

M. M. Chau, Adaptive selfsuperparasitism in a solitary parasitoid wasp: the infl uence of clutch size on offspring size, Funct. Ecol, vol.15, pp.335-343, 2001.

M. M. and S. R. Otto-m, Growth and development in parasitoid wasps: Adaptation to variable host resources Vertical Food Web Interactions, pp.191-203, 1997.

M. L. Battisti-a, Z. M. Milani-n, and . Zanazzo-g, In vitro rearing of Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Hym., Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep, Thaumetopoeidae). ? Entomophaga, pp.327-333, 1993.

M. P. Van and A. J. , Gregarious development in alysiine parasitoids evolved through a reduction in larval aggression, Anim. Behav, vol.58, pp.131-141, 1999.

M. J. Goldman-r, The Student Guide to Minitab Release 14, 2005.

M. R. Klungness-l and P. M. Wrong-t, Quality control parameters of mass reared opine parasitoids used in augmentative biological control of tephritid fruit fl ies, ? Biol. Contr, vol.32, pp.140-147, 1993.

M. R. Luckmann-w, Introduction to Insect Pest Management, 1994.

M. P. Schmidt-g and T. G. , Egg parasitoids of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) and their impact in SW Turkey, J. Appl. Entomol, vol.128, pp.533-542, 2004.

M. P. Liedo-p, . Benrey-b, C. F. Barrera-j, and . Aluja-m, Functional response and superparasitism by Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of fruit fl ies (Diptera: Tephritidae), Ann. Entomol . Soc. Am, vol.93, pp.47-54, 2000.

M. Ramos, J. A. Rojas-m, and C. R. King-e, Potential Use of In Vitro-Reared Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for Biological Control of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, vol.91, issue.1, pp.101-109, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/jee/91.1.101

O. P. Rosenheim-j, Sex allocation and the evolutionary transition between solitary and gregarious parasitoid development, Am. Nat, vol.152, pp.757-761, 1998.

P. M. Hemachandra-k, 2014: Study of longevity, fecundity and oviposition of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to facilitate mass rearing. ? Trop, Agr. Res, vol.25, pp.502-509

P. J. Mayhew-p, Clutch size adjustment, information use and the evolution of gregarious development in parasitoid wasps, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol, vol.58, pp.99-110, 2005.

P. R. Snellen-h and . E. Vet-l, Fitness consequences of superparasitism and mechanism of host discrimination in the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia fl avipes, ? Entomol. Exp. Appl, vol.82, pp.341-348, 1997.

R. B. Mangel-m, R. G. Lalonde-r, A. J. Van, and . Vet, 1992: Seasonal dynamic shifts in patch exploitation by parasitic wasps, Behav. Ecol, vol.3, pp.156-165

R. B. and R. M. Li-c, Choosing hosts and mates: The value of learning (eds): Insect Learning ? Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives, pp.174-194, 1993.

S. S. Ghanim-m and P. A. , 2015: Development , reproduction, host range and geographical distribution of the variegated caper bug Stenozygum coloratum (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). ? Eur, J. Entomol, vol.112, pp.362-372

S. Carbone and S. &. Cordero, Egg load and adaptive superparasitism in Anaphes nitens, an egg parasitoid of the Eucalyptus snout-beetle Gonipterus scutellatus, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.114, issue.2, pp.127-134, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.002145

S. Institute, SAS/STAT User's Guide, Ver, SAS Institute, vol.1, issue.6, 2000.

S. G. and T. E. Bellin-s, Structure of eggbatches of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. and Schiff.) (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae), egg parasitoids and rate of egg parasitism on the Iberian Peninsula, J. Appl. Entomol, vol.123, pp.449-458, 1999.

S. M. El-heneidy-a, Incidence of superparasitism in relation biological aspects of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). ? Egypt, J. Biol. Pest Contr, vol.20, pp.61-66, 2010.

S. S. Ramos-filho-i, . B. Torres-j, and . Barros-r, Superparasitism and host size effects in Oomyzus sokolowskii, a parasitoid of diamondback moth, ? Entomol. Exp. Appl, vol.133, pp.65-73, 2009.

S. E. and P. H. Bernstein-c, State dependant superparasitism in a solitary paraitoid: egg load and survival, Behav. Ecol, vol.8, pp.226-232, 1997.

T. R. , N. A. , and R. P. Sacchetti-p, Laboratory rearing of Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet) on eggs of Nezara viridula (L.) and other pentatomids, Redia, vol.74, pp.467-469, 1991.

T. R. and N. A. Sacchetti-p, Atti Convegno Piante forestali: Avversità biotiche e prospettive di controllo biologico e integrato " ? Firenze, 5 marzo 1992, Ist. Sper. Pat. Veg, pp.78-84, 1993.

T. R. and N. A. Sacchetti-p, Parassitizzazione delle uova di Thaumetopoea pityocampa: Modifi cazioni conseguenti al potenziamento artifi ciale di Ooencyrtus pityocampae, 1994.

T. G. Schmidt-g and . Mirchev-p, Structure and para sitism of egg-batches of a processionary moth population different from Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep. Thaumetopoeidae) found in Bulgaria, Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bachic, vol.28, pp.195-207, 1996.

T. G. Douma-petridou, G. G. Mirchev-p, and . Koutsaftikis, 1999: Spectrum of egg parasitoids and rate of parasitism of egg batches of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Den. & Schiff.) in the Northern Peloponnes, Greece. ? J. Entomol. Res. Soc, vol.1, pp.1-8

T. H. Kilinçer-n, Effect of superparasitism on the development of solitary parasitoid Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ? Turk, J. Agric. For, vol.33, pp.463-468, 2009.

V. Alphen and J. J. Visser-m, Superparasitism as an Adaptive Strategy for Insect Parasitoids, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.59-79, 1990.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000423

V. Alphen and J. J. Vet-l, An evolutionary approach to host fi nding and selection, 13th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, pp.23-61, 1985.

V. Der and H. N. Hemerik-l, Superparasitism as an ESS: To reject or not to reject, that is the question, J. Theor. Biol, vol.146, pp.467-482, 1990.

V. Dijken and M. J. Waage-j, Self and conspecific superparasitism by the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.109, issue.2, pp.183-192, 1987.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb03604.x

V. Dijken, M. P. Neuenschwander, A. J. Van, and . N. Ham-mond-w, Sex ratios in field populations of Epidinocarsis lopezi, an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, in Africa, Ecological Entomology, vol.84, issue.2, pp.233-240, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/1938458

V. Lenteren and J. C. Bigler-f, Quality control of mass reared egg parasitoids Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems with Emphasis on Trichogramma, pp.315-340, 2010.

V. L. Datema-a, . Janssen-a, and . Snellen-h, Clutch size in a larval-pupal endoparasitoid: consequences for fi tness, J. Animal. Ecol, vol.63, pp.807-815, 1994.

V. S. Sroka-p, Effects of superparasitism by a solitary endoparasitoid on the host, parasitoid and fi eld samplings, Southwest. Entomol, vol.3, pp.299-303, 1978.

V. M. Van and A. J. Hemerik-l, Adaptive superparasitism and patch time allocation in solitary parasitoids: an ESS model, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.6, pp.93-101, 1992.

W. E. Bernstein-c and . J. Van-alphen, Behavioural Ecology of Insect Parasitoid: From Theoretical Approaches to Field Applications, p.445, 2008.

Z. and L. W. Huang-d.-w, A taxonomic study of Chinese species of Ooencyrtus (Insecta: Hymeno ptera: Encyrtidae ), ? Zool. Stud, vol.44, pp.347-360, 2005.