G. P. Asner and J. Mascaro, Mapping tropical forest carbon: Calibrating plot estimates to a simple LiDAR metric, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.140, pp.614-624, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.023

G. P. Asner, J. R. Kellner, T. Kennedy-bowdoin, D. E. Knapp, C. Anderson et al., Forest Canopy Gap Distributions in the Southern Peruvian Amazon, PLoS ONE, vol.89, issue.4, p.60875, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0060875.s002

E. Bianchini, C. C. Garcia, J. A. Pimenta, and J. Torezan, Slope variation and population structure of tree species from different ecological groups in South Brazil, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ci??ncias, vol.84, issue.3, pp.643-652, 2010.
DOI : 10.1890/02-0038

J. E. Bicknell, S. P. Phelps, R. G. Davies, D. J. Mann, M. J. Struebig et al., Dung beetles as indicators for rapid impact assessments: Evaluating best practice forestry in the neotropics, Ecological Indicators, vol.43, pp.154-161, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.030

N. V. Brokaw, The Definition of Treefall Gap and Its Effect on Measures of Forest Dynamics, Biotropica, vol.14, issue.2, pp.158-160, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/2387750

N. V. Brokaw, Gap-Phase Regeneration in a Tropical Forest, Ecology, vol.66, issue.3, pp.682-687, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/1940529

L. Chapman, Assessing topographic exposure, Meteorological Applications, vol.2, issue.4, pp.335-340, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S1350482700001729

A. Clauset, C. R. Shalizi, and M. E. Newman, Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data, SIAM Review, vol.51, issue.4, pp.661-703, 2009.
DOI : 10.1137/070710111

F. Colson, V. Gond, V. Freycon, J. Bogaert, C. et al., Detecting natural canopy gaps in Amazonian rainforest, Bois et forêts des tropiques, pp.69-79, 2006.

J. S. Denslow, A. M. Ellison, and R. E. Sanford, Treefall gap size effects on above- and below-ground processes in a tropical wet forest, Journal of Ecology, vol.72, issue.4, pp.597-609, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.17.1.137

L. Durrieu-de-madron, Mortalité des arbres en forêt primaire de Guyane française, Bois et forêts des tropiques, pp.43-57, 1994.

F. D. Espírito-santo, M. M. Keller, E. Linder, R. C. Oliveira-junior, C. Pereira et al., Gap formation and carbon cycling in the Brazilian Amazon: measurement using high-resolution optical remote sensing and studies in large forest plots, Plant Ecology & Diversity, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.305-318, 2014.
DOI : 10.2307/1941119

K. J. Feeley, S. J. Davies, P. S. Ashton, S. Bunyavejchewin, N. Supardi et al., The role of gap phase processes in the biomass dynamics of tropical forests, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.143, issue.1, pp.2857-2864, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-004-1773-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338691

B. Ferry, F. Morneau, J. Bontemps, L. Blanc, and V. Freycon, Higher treefall rates on slopes and waterlogged soils result in lower stand biomass and productivity in a tropical rain forest, Journal of Ecology, vol.82, issue.1, pp.106-116, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/9780471722199
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032100

J. I. Fisher, G. C. Hurtt, R. Q. Thomas, and J. Q. Chambers, Clustered disturbances lead to bias in large-scale estimates based on forest sample plots, Ecology Letters, vol.11, issue.6, pp.554-563, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01169.x

S. Frolking, M. W. Palace, D. Clark, J. Q. Chambers, H. Shugart et al., Forest disturbance and recovery: A general review in the context of spaceborne remote sensing of impacts on aboveground biomass and canopy structure, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol.95, issue.3, pp.0-0210, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.011

S. Gourlet-fleury, J. Guehl, O. Laroussinie, S. Fleury, J. M. Guehl et al., Ecology and management of a neotropical rainforest. Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana, p.326, 2004.

S. Guitet, J. Cornu, O. Brunaux, J. Betbeder, J. Carozza et al., Landform and landscape mapping, French Guiana (South America), Journal of Maps, vol.27, issue.2, pp.325-335, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00246.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268197

S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, S. T. O-'brien, K. Harms, R. Condit et al., Light-Gap Disturbances, Recruitment Limitation, and Tree Diversity in a Neotropical Forest, Science, vol.283, issue.5401, pp.554-557, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5401.554

J. R. Kellner and G. P. Asner, Convergent structural responses of tropical forests to diverse disturbance regimes, Ecology Letters, vol.89, issue.9, pp.887-897, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01345.x

J. R. Kellner, G. P. Asner, P. M. Vitousek, M. A. Tweiten, S. Hotchkiss et al., Dependence of Forest Structure and Dynamics on Substrate Age and Ecosystem Development, Dependence of forest structure and dynamics on substrate age and ecosystem development, pp.1156-1167, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7061(76)90066-5

J. Korning and H. Balslev, Growth and mortality of trees in Amazonian tropical rain forest in Ecuador, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.69, issue.1, pp.77-86, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02460681

L. Kuo and B. Mallick, Variable Selection for Regression Models, The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series B Bayesian Analysis, vol.60, pp.65-81, 1960.

D. Lieberman, M. Lieberman, R. Peralta, and G. S. Hartshorn, Mortality Patterns and Stand Turnover Rates in a Wet Tropical Forest in Costa Rica, The Journal of Ecology, vol.73, issue.3, pp.915-924, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/2260157

J. Lloyd, E. U. Gloor, L. , and S. L. , Are the dynamics of tropical forests dominated by large and rare disturbance events?, Ecology Letters, vol.6, issue.12, pp.19-21, 2009.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2003.1422

E. Lobo and J. W. Dalling, Spatial scale and sampling resolution affect measures of gap disturbance in a lowland tropical forest: implications for understanding forest regeneration and carbon storage, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.300, issue.5623, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1084460

T. Mikita and M. Klimánek, Topographic Exposure and its Practical Applications, Journal of Landscape Ecology, vol.218, issue.2, pp.42-51, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.07.012

J. Molino and D. Sabatier, Tree Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests: A Validation of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, Science, vol.294, issue.5547, pp.1702-1704, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1060284

Y. Goulamoussène, Natural gap size distribution in tropical forests Remote Sensing Assessment of Forest Disturbance across Complex Mountainous Terrain: The Pattern and Severity of Impacts of Tropical Cyclone Yasi on Australian Rainforests, Remote Sensing, vol.6, pp.5633-5649, 2014.

B. W. Nelson, V. Kapos, J. B. Adams, W. J. Oliveira, and O. P. Braun, Forest Disturbance by Large Blowdowns in the Brazilian Amazon, Ecology, vol.75, issue.3, pp.75-853, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/1941742

A. Nobre, L. Cuartas, M. Hodnett, C. Rennó, G. Rodrigues et al., Height Above the Nearest Drainage ??? a hydrologically relevant new terrain model, Journal of Hydrology, vol.404, issue.1-2, pp.13-29, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.051

C. Puerta-piñero, H. C. Muller-landau, O. Calderón, W. , and S. J. , Seed arrival in tropical forest tree fall gaps, Ecology, vol.94, issue.7, pp.94-1552, 2013.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467406003890

R. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing , available at: http://www.R-project.org (last access, p.21

S. J. Riley, Index That Quantifies Topographic Heterogeneity, Intermountain Journal of Sciences, vol.5, pp.23-27, 1999.

N. Rüger, A. Huth, S. P. Hubbell, C. , and R. , Response of recruitment to light availability across a tropical lowland rain forest community, Journal of Ecology, vol.84, issue.6, pp.1360-1368, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s004420100809

J. R. Runkle and G. Saga, Patterns of Disturbance in Some Old-Growth Mesic Forests of Eastern North America, Ecology, vol.63, issue.5, pp.1533-1546, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/1938878

S. A. Schnitzer, G. Van-der-heijden, J. Mascaro, C. , and W. P. , Lianas in gaps reduce carbon accumulation in a tropical forest, Ecology, vol.95, issue.11, pp.95-3008, 2014.
DOI : 10.1890/13-1718.1.sm

P. J. Van-der-meer and F. Bongers, Formation and closure of canopy gaps in the rain forest at Nouragues, French Guiana, pp.167-179, 1996.

Y. Virkar and A. Clauset, Power-law distributions in binned empirical data, The Annals of Applied Statistics, vol.8, issue.1, pp.89-119, 2014.
DOI : 10.1214/13-AOAS710SUPP

F. Wagner, B. Hérault, C. Stahl, D. Bonal, and V. Rossi, Modeling water availability for trees in tropical forests, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.151, issue.9, pp.1202-1213, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032104

C. W. Welden, S. W. Hewett, S. P. Hubbell, and R. B. Foster, Sapling Survival, Growth, and Recruitment: Relationship to Canopy Height in a Neotropical Forest, Ecology, vol.72, issue.1, pp.35-5010, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/1938900

T. Whitmore, Canopy Gaps and the Two Major Groups of Forest Trees, Ecology, vol.70, issue.3, pp.536-538, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/1940195

T. W. Yee, The VGAM package for categorical data analysis, J. Stat. Softw, vol.32, pp.1-34, 2010.