M. D. Abrams, Adaptations and responses to drought in Quercus species of North America, Tree physiology, vol.7, pp.227-238, 1990.

C. D. Allen, A. K. Macalady, H. Chenchouni, D. Bachelet, N. Mcdowell et al., A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests, vol.259, pp.660-684, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457602

W. R. Anderegg, J. M. Kane, and L. D. Anderegg, Consequences of widespread tree mortality triggered by drought and temperature stress, Nature climate change, vol.3, p.30, 2013.

L. Aquilina, B. Ladouche, and N. Dörfliger, Water storage and transfer in the epikarst of karstic systems during high flow periods, Journal of Hydrology, vol.327, pp.472-485, 2006.

,

, Guide pour la description des sols. 2ème édition revue et corrigée [Guide for the description of soils, Editions INRA, 2011.

M. Bakalowicz, Karst groundwater: a challenge for new resources, Hydrogeology Journal, vol.13, pp.148-160, 2005.

M. Bakalowicz and N. Dörfliger, Ressources en eau du karst : un enjeu pour le bassin méditerranéen. Géosciences -l'eau souterraine, 2005.

, Géosciences -l'eau souterraine BRGM, vol.2, pp.26-31

A. Barbeta, S. P. Jones, L. Clavé, L. Wingate, T. E. Gimeno et al., Hydrogen isotope fractionation affects the identification and quantification of tree water sources in a riparian forest, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences

A. Barbeta, M. Mejía-chang, R. Ogaya, J. Voltas, T. E. Dawson et al., The combined effects of a long-term experimental drought and an extreme drought on the use of plant-water sources in a Mediterranean forest, Global Change Biology, vol.21, pp.1213-1225, 2015.

T. Bariac, J. Gonzalez-dunia, N. Katerji, O. Béthenod, J. M. Bertolini et al., Variabilité spatio-temporelle de la composition isotopique de l'eau (18O, 2H) dans le continuum sol-planteatmosphère 2. Approche en conditions naturelles [Spatiotemporal variability of the isotopic composition of water (18O, 2H) in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum 2, Chemical Geology, vol.115, pp.90195-90198, 1994.

G. Bertrand, J. Masini, N. Goldscheider, J. Meeks, V. Lavastre et al., Determination of spatiotemporal variability of tree water uptake using stable isotopes (?18O, ?2H) in an alluvial system supplied by a high-altitude watershed, vol.7, pp.319-333, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01134328

T. Blondel, C. Emblanch, Y. Dudal, C. Batiot-guilhe, Y. Travi et al., Transit time environmental tracing from dissolved organic matter fluorescence properties in karstic aquifers. Application to different flows of Fontaine de Vaucluse experimental basin, Advances in Research in Karst Media, pp.143-149, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00585731

H. Celle-jeanton, K. Zouari, Y. Travi, and A. Daoud, Caractérisation isotopique des pluies en Tunisie. Essai de typologie dans la région de Sfax [Isotopic characterization of rainfall in Tunisia, 2001.

, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences-Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science, vol.333, pp.625-631

M. M. Chaves, J. S. Pereira, J. Maroco, M. L. Rodrigues, C. P. Ricardo et al., How plants cope with water stress in the field? Photosynthesis and growth, Annals of botany, vol.89, pp.907-916, 2002.

Z. Chen, A. S. Auler, M. Bakalowicz, D. Drew, F. Griger et al., The World Karst Aquifer Mapping project: concept, mapping procedure and map of Europe, Hydrogeology Journal, vol.25, pp.771-785, 2017.

A. Cognard-plancq, C. Gevaudan, C. Emblanch, J. J. Duran, B. Andreo et al., Historical monthly rainfall-runoff database on Fontaine de Vaucluse karst system: review and lessons, in: Karst, Cambio Climatico y Aguas Submediterraneas, pp.465-475, 2006.

P. Cruiziat, H. Cochard, and T. Améglio, Hydraulic architecture of trees: main concepts and results, Annals of Forest Science, vol.59, pp.723-752, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883664

I. Cvijic, La géographie des terrains calcaires, 1960.

, Académie des sciences et des arts serbe, pp.147-168

H. Davi and M. Cailleret, Assessing drought-driven mortality trees with physiological process-based models, Agricultural and forest meteorology, vol.232, pp.279-290, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01372128

T. E. Dawson, Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions, Oecologia, vol.95, pp.565-574, 1993.

T. E. Dawson and J. R. Ehleringer, Streamside trees that do not use stream water, Nature, vol.350, pp.335-337, 1991.

J. Ehleringer and T. Dawson, Water uptake by plants: perspectives from stable isotope composition, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.15, pp.1073-1082, 1992.

J. Ehleringer, C. Osmond, R. W. Pearcy, J. R. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney et al., Stable isotopes, Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Techniques and Instrumentation, pp.281-300, 1989.

P. Z. Ellsworth and D. G. Williams, Hydrogen isotope fractionation during water uptake by woody xerophytes, Plant and Soil, vol.291, pp.93-107, 2007.

C. Emblanch, G. M. Zuppi, J. Mudry, B. Blavoux, and C. Batiot, Carbon 13 of TDIC to quantify the role of the unsaturated zone: the example of the Vaucluse karst systems (Southeastern France), Journal of Hydrology, vol.279, pp.262-274, 2003.

J. Evaristo, S. Jasechko, and J. J. Mcdonnell, Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow, Nature, vol.525, pp.91-94, 2015.

J. Evaristo, J. J. Mcdonnell, and J. Clemens, Plant source water apportionment using stable isotopes: A comparison of simple linear, two-compartment mixing model approaches, Hydrological Processes, vol.31, pp.3750-3758, 2017.

J. Evaristo, J. J. Mcdonnell, M. A. Scholl, L. A. Bruijnzeel, and K. P. Chun, Insights into plant water uptake from xylem-water isotope measurements in two tropical catchments with contrasting moisture conditions. Hydrological Processes, vol.30, pp.3210-3227, 2016.

D. C. Ford and P. W. Williams, Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology, 2007.

B. Garry, T. Blondel, C. Emblanch, C. Sudre, S. Bilgot et al., Contribution of artificial galleries to the knowledge of karstic system behaviour in addition to natural cavern data, Int. J. Speleol, vol.37, pp.75-82, 2008.

D. Genereux, Quantifying uncertainty in tracer-based hydrograph separations, Water Resources Research, vol.34, pp.915-919, 1998.

J. Geris, D. Tetzlaff, J. J. Mcdonnell, and C. Soulsby, Spatial and temporal patterns of soil water storage and vegetation water use in humid northern catchments, Science of the Total Environment, vol.595, pp.486-493, 2017.

A. Hartmann, N. Goldscheider, T. Wagener, J. Lange, and M. Weiler, Karst water resources in a changing world: Review of hydrological modeling approaches, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.52, pp.218-242, 2014.

Y. Huang, X. Li, Z. Zhang, C. He, P. Zhao et al., Seasonal changes in Cyclobalanopsis glauca transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance and their dependence on subterranean water and climatic factors in rocky karst terrain, Journal of hydrology, vol.402, pp.135-143, 2011.

, IAEA/GNIP precipitation sampling guide, IAEA, 2014.

D. M. Johnson, M. E. Sherrard, J. Domec, and R. B. Jackson, Role of aquaporin activity in regulating deep and shallow root hydraulic conductance during extreme drought, Trees, vol.28, pp.1323-1331, 2014.

H. Jourde, N. Massei, N. Mazzilli, S. Binet, C. Batiot-guilhe et al., SNO KARST: A French network of observatories for the multidisciplinary study of critical zone processes in karst watersheds and aquifers, Vadose Zone Journal, vol.17, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01966716

R. J. Keenan, Climate change impacts and adaptation in forest management: a review, Annals of Forest Science, vol.72, pp.145-167, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01284173

R. Lastennet, Influence de la zone non saturée sur le fonctionnement des systèmes karstiques. Mise en évidence dans les sources du Nord-Vaucluse [Influence of the unsaturated zone on the functioning of karst systems. Observations from Northern Vaucluse springs, 1994.

X. Le-roux, T. Bariac, and A. Mariotti, Spatial partitioning of the soil water resource between grass and shrub components in a West African humid savanna, Oecologia, vol.104, pp.147-155, 1995.

J. Limousin, L. Misson, A. Lavoir, N. K. Martin, and S. Rambal, Do photosynthetic limitations of evergreen Quercus ilex leaves change with long-term increased drought severity?, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.33, pp.863-875, 2010.

J. M. Limousin, S. Rambal, J. M. Ourcival, A. Rocheteau, R. Joffre et al., Long-term transpiration change with rainfall decline in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest, Global Change Biology, vol.15, pp.2163-2175, 2009.

G. Lin and L. S. Da-sternberg, Hydrogen isotopic fractionation by plant roots during water uptake in coastal wetland plants, in: Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations, pp.497-510, 1993.

C. Liu, Y. Liu, K. Guo, D. Fan, G. Li et al., Effect of drought on pigments, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant enzymes in six woody plant species in karst habitats of southwestern China, Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol.71, pp.174-183, 2011.

E. Martel, Sur l'origine et l'âge de la Fontaine de Vaucluse, 1902.

, C. R. Acad. Sci, vol.134, pp.256-259

J. Martínez-vilalta, R. Poyatos, D. Aguadé, J. Retana, and M. Mencuccini, A new look at water transport regulation in plants, New Phytologist, vol.204, pp.105-115, 2014.

P. Martín-gómez, A. Barbeta, J. Voltas, J. Peñuelas, K. Dennis et al., Isotope-ratio infrared spectroscopy: a reliable tool for the investigation of plant-water sources, New Phytologist, 2015.

N. Martin-stpaul, S. Delzon, and H. Cochard, Plants resistance to drought relies on early stomata closure, 2017.

N. K. Martin-stpaul, J. Limousin, H. Vogt-schilb, J. Rodríguez-calcerrada, S. Rambal et al., The temporal response to drought in a Mediterranean evergreen tree: comparing a regional precipitation gradient and a throughfall exclusion experiment, Global Change Biology, vol.19, pp.2413-2426, 2013.

P. H. Maseda and R. J. Fernández, Stay wet or else: three ways in which plants can adjust hydraulically to their environment, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.57, pp.3963-3977, 2006.

A. J. Mcelrone, W. T. Pockman, J. Martínez-vilalta, and R. B. Jackson, Variation in xylem structure and function in stems and roots of trees to 20 m depth, New phytologist, vol.163, pp.507-517, 2004.

B. B. Murray, M. J. Zeppel, G. C. Hose, and D. Eamus, Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Australia: It's more than just water for rivers, Ecological Management & Restoration, vol.4, pp.110-113, 2003.

E. Naumburg, R. Mata-gonzalez, R. G. Hunter, T. Mclendon, and D. W. Martin, Phreatophytic vegetation and groundwater fluctuations: a review of current research and application of ecosystem response modeling with an emphasis on Great Basin vegetation, Environmental Management, vol.35, pp.726-740, 2005.

M. Nourtier, A. Chanzy, M. Cailleret, X. Yingge, R. Huc et al., Transpiration of silver Fir (Abies alba mill.) during and after drought in relation to soil properties in a Mediterranean mountain area, Annals of forest science, vol.71, pp.683-695, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01318841

K. Ogle, C. Tucker, and J. M. Cable, Beyond simple linear mixing models: Process-based isotope partitioning of ecological processes, Ecological applications, vol.24, pp.181-195, 2014.

A. Olioso, T. N. Carlson, and N. Brisson, Simulation of diurnal transpiration and photosynthesis of a water stressed soybean crop, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.81, pp.41-59, 1996.

C. Ollivier, K. Chalikakis, N. Mazzilli, N. Kazakis, Y. Lecomte et al., Challenges and Limitations of Karst Aquifer Vulnerability Mapping Based on the PaPRIKa MethodApplication to a Large European Karst Aquifer, vol.6, p.39, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02080741

C. Ollivier, A. Olioso, N. Mazzilli, K. Chalikakis, S. D. Carriere et al., Caractérisation et spatialisation de la recharge des systèmes karstiques. Application au système de la Fontaine de Vaucluse, France [Characterization and spatialization of karstic system recharge, Science of the Total Environment, 2019.

A. Université, , p.472619

A. C. Parnell, R. Inger, S. Bearhop, and A. L. Jackson, Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation, PloS one, vol.5, p.9672, 2010.

J. Perrin, P. Jeannin, and F. Zwahlen, Epikarst storage in a karst aquifer: a conceptual model based on isotopic data, Milandre test site, Journal of Hydrology, vol.279, pp.171-180, 2003.

S. L. Phillips and J. R. Ehleringer, Limited uptake of summer precipitation by bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt) and Gambel's oak (Quereus gambelii Nutt), Trees, vol.9, pp.214-219, 1995.

J. A. Plaut, E. A. Yepez, J. Hill, R. Pangle, J. S. Sperry et al., Hydraulic limits preceding mortality in a piñon-juniper woodland under experimental drought: Hydraulic limits in a piñon-juniper woodland, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.35, pp.1601-1617, 2012.

,

J. I. Querejeta, H. Estrada-medina, M. F. Allen, and J. J. Jiménez-osornio, Water source partitioning among trees growing on shallow karst soils in a seasonally dry tropical climate, Oecologia, vol.152, pp.26-36, 2007.

S. Rambal, Water balance and pattern of root water uptake by a Quercus coccifera L. evergreen scrub, Oecologia, vol.8, 1984.

K. Rozanski, L. Araguás-araguás, and R. Gonfiantini, Isotopic Patterns in Modern Global Precipitation, in: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records, pp.1-36, 1993.

K. Rozanski, L. Araguás-araguás, and R. Gonfiantini, Relation Between Long-Term Trends of Oxygen-18 Isotope Composition of Precipitation and Climate, New Series, vol.258, pp.981-985, 1992.

K. Schäfer, H. Renninger, K. Clark, and D. Medvigy, Hydrological responses to defoliation and drought of an upland oak/pine forest, vol.28, pp.6113-6123, 2014.

P. F. Scholander, E. D. Bradstreet, E. Hemmingsen, and H. Hammel, Sap pressure in vascular plants: negative hydrostatic pressure can be measured in plants, Science, vol.148, pp.339-346, 1965.

T. A. Spies, T. W. Giesen, F. J. Swanson, J. F. Franklin, D. Lach et al., Climate change adaptation strategies for federal forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA: ecological, policy, and socioeconomic perspectives, Landscape ecology, vol.25, pp.1185-1199, 2010.

L. Sternberg, S. L. Da, and P. K. Swart, Utilization of freshwater and ocean water by coastal plants of southern Florida, Ecology, vol.68, pp.1898-1905, 1987.

F. Tardieu, N. Katerji, O. Bethenod, P. Hamard, P. Quétin et al., Relations entre l'état hydrique du sol, le potentiel de base et d'autres indicateurs de la contrainte hydrique chez le maïs, 1990.

, Agronomie, vol.10, pp.617-626

S. D. Taylor-laine, S. Espino, A. Downey, and H. J. Schenk, Testing a new method for in situ measurements of stem hydraulic conductance in intact plants, 2016.

N. C. Turner, Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status, Plant and soil, vol.58, pp.339-366, 1981.

A. Van-hees, Growth and morphology of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L) seedlings in relation to shading and drought. Presented at the Annales des Sciences Forestières, pp.9-18, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883128

A. I. Vargas, B. Schaffer, L. Yuhong, L. Sternberg, and S. L. Da, Testing plant use of mobile vs immobile soil water sources using stable isotope experiments, New Phytologist, vol.215, pp.582-594, 2017.

C. D. Walker and J. P. Brunel, Examining evapotranspiration in a semi-arid region using stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, Journal of Hydrology, vol.118, pp.90250-90252, 1990.

A. G. West, S. J. Patrickson, and J. R. Ehleringer, Water extraction times for plant and soil materials used in stable isotope analysis, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol.20, pp.1317-1321, 2006.

U. Zimmermann, K. Münnich, W. Roether, W. Kreutz, K. Schubach et al., SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SI1: Climatic analysis Figure SI1: Summer ratio between annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PPT/PET) at the study site for the period from, Science, vol.152, pp.346-347, 1959.

, The dotted horizontal line indicates the mean of the PPT/PET ratio over the study period. The years 2014 and 2015 used as reference in our analyses are represented by vertical blue and red lines, respectively. Daily weather datasets used to derive these estimations were extracted from the SAFRAN climate reanalysis (Vidal et al. 2010) at an 8km spatial resolution. PET was estimated using the Penman-Monteith formula, Lower values of the ratio correspond to drier years, 1960.