B. Adler and A. De-la-pena-moctezuma, Leptospira and leptospirosis, Vet Microbiol. 27 janv, vol.140, pp.287-96, 2010.

M. Picardeau, Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis, Med Mal Infect. janv, vol.43, pp.1-9, 2013.

B. Abela-ridder, R. Sikkema, and R. A. Hartskeerl, Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis, Int J Antimicrob Agents, vol.36, issue.1, pp.5-7, 2010.

A. Mcbride, D. A. Athanazio, M. G. Reis, A. I. Ko, and . Leptospirosis, Curr Opin Infect Dis, vol.18, issue.5, pp.376-86, 2005.

M. A. Guerra and . Leptospirosis, J Am Vet Med Assoc. 15 févr, vol.234, issue.4, p.430, 2009.

P. Vijayachari, A. P. Sugunan, and A. N. Shriram, Leptospirosis: an emerging global public health problem, J Biosci, vol.33, issue.4, pp.557-69, 2008.

S. Schuller, T. Francey, K. Hartmann, M. Hugonnard, B. Kohn et al., European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats, J Small Anim Pract. mars, vol.56, issue.3, pp.159-79, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608548

Y. Ido, R. Hoki, H. Ito, H. Wani, . The et al., J Exp Med. 1 sept, vol.26, issue.3, pp.341-53, 1917.

A. R. Bharti, J. E. Nally, J. N. Ricaldi, M. A. Matthias, M. M. Diaz et al., Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance, Lancet Infect Dis. déc, vol.3, pp.757-71, 2003.

R. A. Hartskeerl, M. Collares-pereira, and E. Wa, Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world, Clin Microbiol Infect. avr, vol.17, pp.494-501, 2011.

J. Dupouey, B. Faucher, S. Edouard, H. Richet, A. Kodjo et al., Human leptospirosis: an emerging risk in Europe?, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. mars, vol.37, issue.2, pp.77-83, 2014.

T. Watanabe, S. S. Teske, and C. N. Haas, Classic dose-response and time postinoculation models for leptospira, Risk Anal Off Publ Soc Risk Anal. mars, vol.34, issue.3, pp.465-84, 2014.

R. Bonilla-santiago and J. E. Nally, Rat model of chronic leptospirosis, Curr Protoc Microbiol. févr, 2011.

D. A. Athanazio, E. F. Silva, C. S. Santos, G. M. Rocha, M. A. Vannier-santos et al., Rattus norvegicus as a model for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans, Acta Trop. févr, vol.105, pp.176-80, 2008.

A. B. Thiermann, The Norway rat as a selective chronic carrier of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, J Wildl Dis. janv, vol.17, issue.1, pp.39-43, 1981.

A. M. Monahan, J. J. Callanan, and J. E. Nally, Proteomic analysis of Leptospira interrogans shed in urine of chronically infected hosts, Infect Immun, vol.76, issue.11, pp.4952-4960, 2008.

J. E. Nally, E. Chow, M. C. Fishbein, D. R. Blanco, and M. A. Lovett, Changes in lipopolysaccharide O antigen distinguish acute versus chronic Leptospira interrogans infections, Infect Immun. juin, vol.73, pp.3251-60, 2005.

S. Villanueva, M. Saito, R. A. Baterna, C. Estrada, A. Rivera et al., Leptospira-rathuman relationship in Luzon, Philippines. Microbes Infect Inst Pasteur, vol.16, pp.902-912, 2014.

F. Costa, E. A. Wunder, D. Oliveira, D. Bisht, V. Rodrigues et al., Patterns in Leptospira Shedding in Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Brazilian Slum Communities at High Risk of Disease Transmission, PLoS Negl Trop Dis. juin, vol.9, issue.6, p.3819, 2015.

L. H. Krojgaard, S. Villumsen, M. D. Markussen, J. S. Jensen, H. Leirs et al., High prevalence of Leptospira spp. in sewer rats (Rattus norvegicus). Epidemiol Infect, vol.137, pp.1586-92, 2009.

C. G. Himsworth, J. Bidulka, K. L. Parsons, A. Feng, P. Tang et al., Ecology of Leptospira interrogans in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an inner-city neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.7, issue.6, p.2270, 2013.

Y. Zhang, X. Lou, Y. , H. Guo, X. Zhang et al., Establishment of a leptospirosis model in guinea pigs using an epicutaneous inoculations route, BMC Infect Dis, vol.12, p.20, 2012.

M. L. Coutinho, J. Matsunaga, L. Wang, A. De-la-peña-moctezuma, M. S. Lewis et al., Kinetics of Leptospira interrogans infection in hamsters after intradermal and subcutaneous challenge, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.8, issue.11, p.3307, 2014.

K. Lourdault, F. Aviat, and M. Picardeau, Use of quantitative real-time PCR for studying the dissemination of Leptospira interrogans in the guinea pig infection model of leptospirosis, J Med Microbiol. mai, vol.58, pp.648-55, 2009.

M. Tucunduva-de-faria, D. A. Athanazio, G. Ramos, E. A. Silva, E. F. Reis et al., Morphological alterations in the kidney of rats with natural and experimental Leptospira infection, J Comp Pathol, vol.137, pp.231-239, 2007.

A. I. Ko, G. Reis, M. , R. Dourado, C. M. Johnson et al., Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group. Lancet. 4 sept, vol.354, pp.820-825, 1999.

. Who and . Human, Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. World Health Organization, vol.109, 2003.

F. Merien, D. Portnoi, P. Bourhy, F. Charavay, A. Berlioz-arthaud et al., A rapid and quantitative method for the detection of Leptospira species in human leptospirosis, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1 août, vol.249, issue.1, pp.139-186, 2005.

P. Bourhy, S. Bremont, F. Zinini, C. Giry, and M. Picardeau, Comparison of real-time PCR assays for detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in blood and identification of variations in target sequences, J Clin Microbiol. juin, vol.49, pp.2154-60, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274617

R. L. Zuerner, Laboratory maintenance of pathogenic Leptospira, Unit 12E 1, vol.12, 2005.

S. Faine, Silver Staining of Spirochaetes in Single Tissue Sections, J Clin Pathol. mai, vol.18, pp.381-383, 1965.

F. Fornazari, R. C. Da-silva, V. B. Richini-pereira, H. Beserra, M. Luvizotto et al., Comparison of conventional PCR, quantitative PCR, bacteriological culture and the Warthin Starry technique to detect Leptospira spp. in kidney and liver samples from naturally infected sheep from Brazil, J Microbiol Methods. sept, vol.90, issue.3, pp.321-327, 2012.

L. T. Muslich, S. Villanueva, M. Y. Amran, T. Segawa, M. Saito et al., Characterization of Leptospira infection in suckling and weaning rat pups, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. févr, vol.38, pp.47-55, 2015.

P. Agudelo-florez, A. F. Londono, V. H. Quiroz, J. C. Angel, N. Moreno et al., Prevalence of Leptospira spp. in urban rodents from a groceries trade center of Medellin, Colombia, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.81, pp.906-916, 2009.

S. Paixao-mdos, M. F. Alves-martin, T. Mda, S. Starke-buzetti, W. A. Alves et al., Serology, isolation, and molecular detection of Leptospira spp. from the tissues and blood of rats captured in a wild animal preservation centre in Brazil, Prev Vet Med. 1 juill, vol.115, p.24703251, 2014.

B. Babudieri, Animal reservoirs of leptospires, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 3 juin, vol.70, issue.3, pp.393-413, 1958.

J. H. Gollop, A. R. Katz, R. C. Rudoy, and D. M. Sasaki, Rat-bite leptospirosis, West J Med. juill, vol.159, issue.1, pp.76-83, 1993.

G. A. Luzzi, L. M. Milne, and S. A. Waitkins, Rat-bite acquired leptospirosis, J Infect. juill, vol.15, issue.1, pp.57-60, 1987.

A. Roczek, C. Forster, H. Raschel, S. Hörmansdorfer, K. Bogner et al., Severe course of rat bite-associated Weil's disease in a patient diagnosed with a new Leptospira-specific real-time quantitative LUX-PCR, J Med Microbiol. mai, vol.57, pp.658-63, 2008.

T. Asoh, M. Saito, S. Villanueva, T. Kanemaru, N. Gloriani et al., Natural defense by saliva and mucosa against oral infection by Leptospira, Can J Microbiol. juin, vol.60, issue.6, pp.383-392, 2014.

J. E. Nally, C. Chantranuwat, X. Y. Wu, M. C. Fishbein, M. M. Pereira et al., Alveolar septal deposition of immunoglobulin and complement parallels pulmonary hemorrhage in a guinea pig model of severe pulmonary leptospirosis, Am J Pathol. mars, vol.164, pp.1115-1142, 2004.

M. M. Pereira, D. Silva, J. Pinto, M. A. , D. Silva et al., Experimental leptospirosis in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus): a new model for studies of severe pulmonary leptospirosis, Am J Trop Med Hyg. janv, vol.72, issue.1, pp.13-20, 2005.