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              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sde">Environmental Sciences</classCode>
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              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="DISEASE RESISTANCE">DISEASE RESISTANCE</classCode>
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              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="MALADIE CRYPTOGAMIQUE">MALADIE CRYPTOGAMIQUE</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="RESISTANCE AUX MALADIES">RESISTANCE AUX MALADIES</classCode>
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              <p>Breeding is a major tool for the control of rust infection in poplar clone stands in Europe. The recent overcoming of resistance by new Melampsora larici-populina rust races raises the question of resistance stability. Based on the assumption that a simple and complete race-specific incompatibility may not be, alone, the most durable form of resistance, this note presents the current knowledge on the different resistance mechanisms under genetic control that could be combined in a selected variety. The physiological basis of general defense mechanisms is also approached. Controlled crosses with Populus deltoides, P. trichocarpa and P. nigra have been used to detect the genetic control of epidemiologic components with high heritability. European poplar breeding programmes benefit from a strong cooperation between scientists in different research field and from the development of new tools for the detailed analysis of the genome which fasten the selection of new clonal varieties. Therefore, special attention should be paid to a real development and diversified use of the selected clones.</p>
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              <p>L'amélioration génétique est le principal outil de protection sanitaire de la peupleraie cultivée en Europe. Le contournement récent des résistances par de nouvelles races de Melampsora larici-populina pose le problème de la stabilité de la résistance. Faisant l'hypothèse que l'incompatibilité race-spécifique seule (ou résistance totale) ne présente pas les garanties de durabilité, nous présentons les différents mécanismes connus de résistance qui sont sous contrôle génétique et qui pourraient être pris en compte dans les schémas de sélection. Nous abordons également l'étude physiologique des mécanismes de défense générale. L'étude du déterminisme génétique des composantes épidémiologiques présentant une forte héritabilité porte sur des croisements contrôlés impliquant Populus deltoides, P. trichocarpa, et P. nigra. Les programmes européens d'amélioration des peupliers bénéficient actuellement d'une collaboration étroite entre différentes disciplines scientifiques et du développement de nouveaux clones. Une attention particulière doit alors être portée à la diffusion et à la diversification des sélections effectivement mises en culture.</p>
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