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                <term xml:lang="en">TREE REGENERATION</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">ENCLOSURES</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">DEER BROWSING</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">FOREST COMPOSITION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">HAIDA GWAII</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">COLOMBIE BRITANNIQUE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS SITCHENSIS</term>
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              <p>The current increase in deer populations in many forests has fostered a growing concern about their impact on forest ecology. Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis) were introduced to Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada) in the late 19th century, and they have dramatically affected the regeneration of woody species in both old- and second-growth forests since then. The lack of recruitment in western redcedar (Thuja plicata) in old-growth forests has been attributed to deer. The objectives of this study were to (1) experimentally confirm that deer browsing causes a lack of western redcedar recruitment and (2) assess the potential for and speed of recovery after a prolonged exclusion of deer. We installed a set of 20 enclosures and monitored them over a period of 8 years from 1997 to 2005. We compared temporal changes in redcedar cover and in the survival and growth of marked seedlings in plots that were or were not accessible to deer. Redcedar cover in the vegetation layer accessible to deer was generally low (from 3 to 5%) but higher inside the enclosures (an average difference of 2.3%). Protected seedlings survived better, were higher, presented more leafed shoots, and had less stems than unprotected individuals, features that suggest that deer were key to the lack of regeneration. However, growth was very slow (protected marked seedlings grew 2.5cm on average in 8 years) and, under the current conditions, the time required for a protected seedling to escape deer would probably take over two decades. This very slow growth rate under closed canopy conditions probably reflects a gap-phase regeneration strategy and/or sensitivity to competition with other woody species. The combination of a very slow growth with a high palatability and a lack of physical defences, in contrast to the other dominant conifers in this ecosystem, probably explain why redcedar regeneration can be eliminated from old-growth forest by abundant deer populations.</p>
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              <p>L'augmentation actuelle des populations de cervidés dans de nombreuses forêts a entraîné un engouement au sujet de leur impact sur l'écologie forestière. Des cerfs à queue noire de Sitka (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis) ont été introduits sur Haida Gwaii (Colombie Britannique, Canada) à la fin du 19ème siècle, et ils ont fortement affecté la régénération des espèces ligneuses en forêt secondaire et primaire. Le déficit de recrutement du thuya géant (Thuya plicata) dans les forêts primaires a été attribué au cerf. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de (1) confirmer expérimentalement que l'abroutissement par le cerf était bien la cause du déficit de recrutement de thuya géant et (2) d'évaluer le potentiel et la vitesse de retour après une exclusion prolongée des cerfs. Nous avons installé un total de 20 enclos que nous avons suivi sur une période de 8 ans de 1997 à 2005. Nous avons comparé les évolutions temporelles du recouvrement de thuya, de la survie et de la croissance de semis naturels marqués dans des placettes accessibles ou non aux cerfs. Le recouvrement de thuya dans la strate accessible au cerf était généralement faible (de 3 à 5%) mais plus fort à l'intérieur des enclos (une différence moyenne de 2.3%). Les semis protégés survivent mieux, étaient plus grands, portaient plus de pousses feuillées et comportaient moins de tiges que les semis non protégés, des caractéristiques qui suggèrent que les cerfs sont bien la clé du défaut de régénération. Cependant, la croissance était très faible (les semis marqués ont grandi de 2.5 cm en 8 ans) et, dans les conditions actuelles, le temps nécessaire pour un semis protégé pour échapper au cerf pourrait prendre plus de deux décennies. Ce très faible taux de croissance sous une canopée fermée reflète une stratégie de régénération par trouée et/ou une sensibilité à la compétition avec les autres espèces ligneuses. La combinaison de la très faible croissance associée à une forte appétence et un défaut de défenses physiques, contrairement aux autres confères dominants de cet écosystème, expliquent probablement pourquoi la régénération du thuya peut être éliminée des forêts primaires par les abondantes populations de cerfs.</p>
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