Knowledge about fuel vegetation is a fundamental part of the fire management that is necessary to both conserve biodiversity and reduce the negative impacts of wildland fires. On the framework of the European programme FireParadox, live and dead fuels were described in Calcareous Provence (Southern France) to assess if their characteristics were influenced by the past fire regime, influencing in turn the vegetation dynamics. The sampling was performed on three types of vegetation representative of the ecosystems of Southern France (Pinus halepensis stands, pine-oak mixed stands and garrigues) according to four fire modalities (no fire since 1960, 1 to 2 fires old and recent, and 3 or more fires). The ecological description took into account as well individualized trees or shrubs as vegetation patches of a same species or vegetation layers including different species of a same height, underlining so that these various structures are also part of the landscape diversity. Thickness and coverage (%) were the variables recorded on the dead fuel while variables such as the height and coverage of the vegetation were recorded on the live fuel. Results show that both fire modalities and vegetation types have a significant influence on the thickness and the coverage of the dead fuel. Concerning the live fuel, the type of vegetation has a significant influence on : (i)height of shrubs, vegetation patches and layer (ii)coverage of the different vegetation height strata (iii)coverage of the trees, shrubs and vegetation patches (iv)tree density per hectare and the fire modalities on : (i)height of trees and vegetation layer (ii)stratum coverage (iii)tree coverage (iv)tree volume per hectare Vegetation types and fire modalities induce variations of these parameters, and so influence the structure of stands. As diverse fire regimes within ecological limits are essential for maintaining biodiversity, this variation of structure may play a part in the diversity at local and landscape scale.