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              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="WATERSHEDS">WATERSHEDS</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="BUFFER ZONE">BUFFER ZONE</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS">SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMICS</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="DATA BASE">DATA BASE</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="DATA WAREHOUSE">DATA WAREHOUSE</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCT">PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCT</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="CONTAMINATION">CONTAMINATION</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="PESTICIDES">PESTICIDES</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="ZONE TAMPON">ZONE TAMPON</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="DYNAMIQUE SPATIOTEMPORELLE">DYNAMIQUE SPATIOTEMPORELLE</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="BASE DE DONNEES">BASE DE DONNEES</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="ENTREPOT DE DONNEES">ENTREPOT DE DONNEES</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="PRODUIT PHYTOSANITAIRE">PRODUIT PHYTOSANITAIRE</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="CONTAMINATION">CONTAMINATION</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="PESTICIDE">PESTICIDE</classCode>
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              <p>This project led to the development of a method in order to assess the surface water contamination potential by pesticides at the small watershed scale. This method considers both spatial and temporal dimensions. The central idea is to aggregate at the catchment scale water and pesticides fluxes simulated at the plot scale, taking into account landscape elements influence (roads, ditches, embankments, buffer zones) on the transferred flux. The goal is to elaborate statistical descriptors of contamination at the outlet. Each catchment component is treated as a typical element, according to its characteristics (soil, slope, land use, agricultural practices ... ), which limits the number of local scale simulations and will facilitate the transposition to larger watersheds (several tens of square kilometers). This approach profits on the knowledge that we have of the processes governing the fate pesticides at plot level or within the landscape features, without having the complexity of a “complete” pesticides transfer model at the catchment scale. The work was carried out on two small catchments where data are numerous but of different quality. They highlighted the need to carefully define the parameters set for the MACRO model, which was used at the plot level. When possible, data should be site specific. A tool making it possible to simulate a large number of simulations was developed. It was applied in order to study the factors which govern pesticides transfers in MACRO for each situation. A method which delineates the catchment in areal or linear homogeneous elements was developed. On top of that, it defines hydrological connections between these elements, which makes it possible to identify which plots are connected or on the contrary isolated from the hydrographic network. Thus a first diagnosis of vulnerability at the catchment scale is possible. Finally, a catchment scale aggregation method of locally simulated water and pesticides fluxes was developed. An analysis method, based on data warehouses, was developed, which makes it possible to perform a thorough analysis of the simulation results. The aggregation method still has to be validated and then applied to a large set of scenarios. Anyway, it will finally allow to qualify more soundly the risk of contamination at the catchment scale, and to identify the most contributive areas or the most problematic configurations.</p>
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            <abstract xml:lang="fr">
              <p>Ce projet a conduit à l’élaboration d’une méthode d’évaluation du potentiel de contamination des eaux de surface par les produits phytosanitaires à l’échelle du petit bassin versant (BV), qui inclut les dimensions spatiales et temporelles. L’idée centrale est d’agréger à l’échelle du BV les flux de phytosanitaires modélisés à l’échelle de la parcelle, en intégrant l’influence des éléments du paysage (routes, fossés, talus, zones tampons) sur les flux transférés, pour aboutir à des descripteurs statistiques du risque de contamination à l’exutoire. De plus, les éléments qui composent le BV sont chacun assimilés à un élément « type » en fonction de ses caractéristiques (sol, pente, occupation du sol, pratiques culturales ….) ce qui permet de limiter le nombre de simulations à l’échelle locale et de faciliter le passage ultérieur à l’échelle d’un plus grand bassin versant (quelques dizaines de km²). Une telle approche permet de valoriser la connaissance que l’on a des processus régissant le devenir des pesticides à l’échelle de la parcelle ou au sein des éléments du paysage sans avoir la complexité d’un modèle « complet » de transfert de pesticides à l’échelle du bassin versant. Les travaux ont été menés sur deux petits BV où les données sont nombreuses mais de qualité variable. Ils ont permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité de paramétrer soigneusement le modèle MACRO, utilisé à l’échelle de la parcelle, si possible à partir de données acquises localement. Un outil permettant de simuler un grand nombre de simulations a été élaboré, et a permis d’étudier les facteurs déterminant les transferts pour chaque situation dans MACRO. Une méthode de découpage du BV en éléments homogènes, surfaciques ou linéaires, et d’identification des connexions hydrologiques entre ces éléments a été développée. Elle permet d’identifier les parcelles connectées ou au contraire isolées du réseau hydrographique, et donc un premier diagnostic de vulnérabilité à l’échelle du BV. Enfin, une méthode d’agrégation à l’échelle du BV des flux simulés à l’échelle locale a été élaborée, et une méthode d’analyse des résultats, basée sur les entrepôts de données, développée. La méthode d’agrégation reste à valider et appliquer sur un panel de scénarios, mais elle permettra à terme de mieux qualifier le risque de contamination à l’échelle du bassin versant et d’identifier les zones du bassin ou les configurations les plus problématiques.</p>
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