S. Parida, M. Muniraju, M. Mahapatra, D. Muthuchelvan, H. Buczkowski et al., Peste des petits ruminants, Vet. Microbiol, vol.181, pp.90-106, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02612582

. Oie-fao, World Organization for Animal Health, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, p.30, 2015.

, Viruses, vol.12, pp.293-309, 2020.

B. A. Jones, K. M. Rich, J. C. Mariner, J. Anderson, M. Jeggo et al., The economic impact of eradicating peste des petits ruminants: A benefit-cost analysis, PLoS ONE, vol.11, pp.1-18, 2016.

X. F. Aguilar, A. E. Fine, M. Pruvot, F. Njeumi, C. Walzer et al., PPR virus threatens wildlife conservation, Science, vol.362, pp.165-166, 2018.

M. Pruvot, S. Strindberg, E. Shiilegdamba, K. Ganzorig, B. Damdinjav et al., Outbreak of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Critically Endangered Mongolian Saiga and Other Wild Ungulates, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.26, pp.51-62, 2016.

R. Kock and . Mongolia, Investigation of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) among Wild Animals and Its Potential Impact on the Current PPR Situation in Livestock; Crisis Management Centre for Animal Health, Mission, pp.1-42, 2017.

S. Parida, M. Muniraju, E. Altan, R. Baazizi, G. D. Raj et al., Emergence of PPR and its threat to, Europe. Small Rumin. Res, vol.142, pp.16-21, 2016.

R. A. Pope, S. Parida, D. Bailey, J. Brownlie, T. Barrett et al., Early Events following Experimental Infection with Peste-Des-Petits Ruminants Virus Suggest Immune Cell Targeting, PLoS ONE, vol.8, 2013.

T. Truong, H. Boshra, C. Embury-hyatt, C. Nfon, V. Gerdts et al., Peste des petits ruminants virus tissue tropism and pathogenesis in sheep and goats following experimental infection, PLoS ONE, vol.9, 2014.

S. Parida, E. Couacy-hymann, R. A. Pope, M. Mahapatra, M. El-harrak et al., Pathology of Peste des Petits Ruminants, Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus; Munir, M, pp.51-67, 2015.

, Peste des petits ruminants (infection with peste des petits ruminants virus). In Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for, Terrestrial Animals, 2013.

A. C. Banyard, Z. Wang, and S. Parida, Peste des petits ruminants virus, Eastern Asia. Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.20, pp.2176-2178, 2014.

. Oie-fao, Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR, World Organization for Animal Health, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2015.

M. Mahapatra, K. Sayalel, M. Muniraju, E. Eblate, R. Fyumagwa et al., Spillover of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus from Domestic to Wild Ruminants in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.21, pp.2230-2234, 2015.

B. El-hag-ali and W. Taylor, Isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Sudan, Res. Vet. Sci, vol.36, pp.1-4, 1984.

P. L. Roeder, G. Abraham, G. Kenfe, and T. Barretf, Peste des Petits Ruminants in Ethiopian Goats, Trop. Anim. Health Prod, vol.26, pp.69-73, 1994.

H. M. Wamwayi, P. B. Rossiter, D. P. Kariuki, J. S. Wafula, T. Barrett et al., Peste des petits ruminants antibodies in East Africa, Vet. Rec, vol.136, pp.199-200, 1995.

E. D. Karimuribo, P. M. Loomu, L. S. Mellau, and E. S. Swai, Retrospective study on sero-epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants before its official confirmation in northern Tanzania in 2008, Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci, vol.1, pp.184-187, 2011.

. Au-ibar, Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources and African Union, pp.1-73, 2003.

P. D. Luka, J. Erume, F. N. Mwiine, and C. Ayebazibwe, Molecular characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Karamoja region of Uganda, Arch. Virol, vol.157, pp.29-35, 2007.

A. C. Banyard, S. Parida, C. Batten, C. Oura, O. Kwiatek et al., Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control, J. Gen. Virol, vol.91, pp.2885-2897, 2010.

E. Torsson, T. Kgotlele, M. Berg, N. Mtui-malamsha, E. S. Swai et al., History and current status of peste des petits ruminants virus in Tanzania, Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol, vol.6, pp.1-7, 2016.

J. Nkamwesiga, J. Coffin-schmitt, S. Ochwo, F. N. Mwiine, A. Palopoli et al., Identification of peste des petits ruminants transmission hotspots in the Karamoja subregion of Uganda for targeting of eradication interventions, Front. Vet. Sci, vol.6, pp.1-13, 2019.

W. G. Dundon, S. M. Kihu, G. C. Gitao, L. C. Bebora, N. M. John et al., Detection and Genome Analysis of a Lineage III Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus in Kenya in 2011, Transbound. Emerg. Dis, vol.64, pp.644-650, 2015.

S. M. Kihu, J. M. Gachohi, E. K. Ndungu, G. C. Gitao, L. C. Bebora et al., Sero-epidemiology of Peste des petits ruminants virus infection in Turkana County, Kenya. BMC Vet. Res, vol.11, pp.1-13, 2015.

M. Munir, Role of Wild Small Ruminants in the Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants, Transbound. Emerg. Dis, vol.61, pp.411-424, 2014.

J. J. Wensman, M. Abubakar, M. Z. Shabbir, and P. Rossiter, Peste des petits ruminants in wild ungulates, Trop. Anim. Health Prod, vol.50, pp.1815-1819, 2018.

J. Li, L. Li, X. Wu, F. Liu, Y. Zou et al., Diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Wild and Domestic Animals in Xinjiang, China, Transbound. Emerg. Dis, vol.64, pp.43-47, 2013.

M. Marashi, S. Masoudi, M. K. Moghadam, H. Modirrousta, M. Marashi et al., Peste des petits ruminants virus in vulnerable wild small ruminants, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.23, pp.704-706, 2014.

E. Couacy-hymann, C. Bodjo, T. Danho, G. Libeau, and A. Diallo, Surveillance of wildlife as a tool for monitoring rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants in West Africa, Rev. Sci. Tech, vol.24, pp.869-877, 2005.

R. A. Kock, H. M. Wamwayi, P. B. Rossiter, G. Libeau, E. Wambwa et al., Re-infection of wildlife populations with rinderpest virus on the periphery of the Somali ecosystem in East Africa, Prev. Vet. Med, vol.75, pp.63-80, 2006.

R. M. Asil, M. Ludlow, A. Ballal, S. Alsarraj, W. H. Ali et al., First detection and genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus from dorcas gazelles "Gazella dorcas" in the Sudan, Arch. Virol, vol.164, pp.2537-2543, 2016.

N. V. Meunier, P. Sebulime, R. G. White, and R. Kock, Wildlife-livestock interactions and risk areas for cross-species spread of bovine tuberculosis, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res, vol.84, pp.1-10, 2017.

E. Miguel, V. Grosbois, A. Caron, T. Boulinier, H. Fritz et al., Contacts and foot and mouth disease transmission from wild to domestic bovines in Africa, vol.4, pp.1-32, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02282689

A. Fenton and A. B. Pedersen, Community epidemiology framework for classifying disease threats, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.11, pp.1815-1821, 2005.

A. J. Plumptre, T. R. Davenport, M. Behangana, R. Kityo, G. Eilu et al., The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift, Biol. Conserv, vol.134, pp.178-194, 2007.

W. Olupot, A. J. Mcneilage, and A. J. Plumptre, An Analysis of Socioeconomics of Bushmeat Hunting at Major Hunting Sites in Uganda, pp.1-108, 2009.

R. A. Kock, Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. Plagues of large and small ruminants, pp.144-162, 2005.

G. Libeau, R. Lancelot, F. Colas, L. Guerre, D. H. Bishop et al., Development of competitive ELISA for the peste des petits ruminants virus using a recombinant nucleoprotein, Res. Vet. Sci, vol.58, pp.50-55, 1995.

B. Clarke, M. Mahapatra, O. Friedgut, V. Bumbarov, and S. Parida, Persistence of Lineage IV Peste-des-petits ruminants virus within Israel since 1993: An evolutionary perspective, PLoS ONE, vol.12, pp.1-17, 2017.

C. A. Batten, A. C. Banyard, D. P. King, M. R. Henstock, E. Edwards et al., A real time RT-PCR assay for the specific detection of Peste des petits ruminants virus, J. Virol. Methods, vol.171, pp.293-311, 2011.

M. Muniraju, M. Munir, A. R. Parthiban, A. C. Banyard, J. Bao et al., Molecular Evolution of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.20, pp.2023-2033, 2014.

R. Baazizi, M. Mahapatra, B. D. Clarke, K. Ait-oudhia, D. Khelef et al., Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): A neglected tropical disease in maghreb region of North Africa and its threat to Europe, PLoS ONE, vol.12, pp.1-16, 2017.

M. Kimura, A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences, J. Mol. Evol, vol.16, pp.111-120, 1980.

K. Tamura, G. Stecher, D. Peterson, A. Filipski, S. Kumar et al., Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.30, pp.2725-2729, 2013.

M. Stevenson, T. Nunes, C. Heuer, J. Marshall, J. Sanchez et al., Package epiR: An R Package for the Analysis of Epidemiological Data. R package version 1.0-11, 2020.

R. Development-core and . Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017.

, Las Palmas 2.18. Geogaphic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project, QGIS Development Team QGIS 2016, 2017.

M. G. Tshilenge, J. S. Walandila, D. Byakya, J. Masumu, L. Katshay et al., Peste des petits ruminants viruses of lineages II and III identified in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Vet. Microbiol, vol.239, 2019.

A. Niyokwishimira, J. Baziki, W. G. Dundon, N. Nwankpa, C. Njoroge et al., Detection and molecular characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus from outbreaks in Burundi, Transbound. Emerg. Dis, vol.66, pp.2067-2073, 2017.

G. Misinzo, T. Kgotlele, E. A. Muse, J. Van-doorsselaere, M. Berg et al., Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Lineage II and IV from Goats in Southern Tanzania During an Outbreak in 2011, Br. J. Virol, vol.2, pp.1-4, 2015.

K. Tounkara, O. Kwiatek, M. Niang, C. Abou-kounta-sidibe, A. Sery et al., Genetic Evidence for Transboundary Circulation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Across West Africa, Front. Vet. Sci, vol.6, pp.1-7, 2019.

R. A. Kock, The Role of Wildlife in the Epidemiology of Rinderpest in East and Central Africa 1994-2004: A Study Based on Serological Surveillance and Disease Investigation, 2008.

J. Nakayima, M. Nanfuka, E. Kidega, Y. Kajuna, and D. Ndumu, Epidemiological Insights into the Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) Among Sheep, Goats and Cattle in Western Uganda, Int. J. Livest. Res, vol.8, p.73, 2018.

C. R. Field and R. M. Laws, The distribution of the larger herbivores in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, J. Appl. Ecol, vol.7, pp.273-294, 1970.

T. Lembo, C. Oura, S. Parida, R. Hoare, L. Frost et al., Peste des petits ruminants infection among cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania, Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.19, pp.2037-2040, 2013.

M. D. Marjan, Movements and Conservation of the Migratory white-eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis) in South Sudan, 2014.

A. Sen, P. Saravanan, V. Balamurugan, V. Bhanuprakash, G. Venkatesan et al., Detection of subclinical peste des petits ruminants virus infection in experimental cattle, Virus Dis, vol.25, pp.408-411, 2014.

G. E. Agga, D. Raboisson, L. Walch, and F. Alemayehu, Epidemiological Survey of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Ethiopia: Cattle as Potential Sentinel for Surveillance. Front, Vet. Sci, vol.6, pp.1-6, 2019.

F. Z. Fakri, A. Elhajjam, Z. Bamouh, M. Jazouli, Z. Boumart et al., Susceptibility of Moroccan sheep and goat breeds to peste des petits ruminants virus, Acta Vet. Scand, vol.59, pp.293-312, 2017.

B. Hoffmann, H. Wiesner, J. Maltzan, R. Mustefa, M. Eschbaumer et al., Fatalities in Wild Goats in Kurdistan Associated with Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus, Transbound. Emerg. Dis, vol.59, pp.173-176, 2011.

M. Abubakar, Z. I. Rajput, M. J. Arshed, G. Sarwar, and Q. Ali, Evidence of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infection in Sindh Ibex (Capra aegagrus blythi) in Pakistan as confirmed by detection of antigen and antibody, Trop. Anim. Health Prod, vol.43, pp.745-747, 2011.

A. Caron, J. Cappelle, G. S. Cumming, M. De-garine-wichatitsky, and N. Gaidet, Bridge hosts, a missing link for disease ecology in multi-host systems, Vet. Res, vol.46, pp.1-11, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01341394

, This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI