R. Rosengarten, C. Citti, M. Glew, A. Lischewski, M. Droesse et al., Host-pathogen interactions in mycoplasma pathogenesis: virulence and survival strategies of minimalist prokaryotes, Int J Med Microbiol, vol.290, pp.15-25, 2000.

C. Citti and A. Blanchard, Mycoplasmas and their host: Emerging and re-emerging minimal pathogens, Trends Microbiol, vol.21, pp.196-203, 2013.

R. Nicholas, R. S. Rosales, and G. R. Loria, Mycoplasmology: big issues. Anim Husb Dairy Vet Sci, vol.1, pp.2-4, 2017.

S. Razin, D. Yogev, and Y. Naot, Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, vol.62, pp.1094-1156, 1998.

C. Citti, L. X. Nouvel, and E. Baranowski, Phase and antigenic variation in mycoplasmas, Future Microbiol, vol.5, pp.1073-1085, 2010.

G. F. Browning, M. S. Marenda, A. H. Noormohammadi, and P. F. Markham, The central role of lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of mycoplasmoses, Vet Microbiol, vol.153, pp.44-50, 2011.

M. W. Van-der-woude, Re-examining the role and random nature of phase variation, FEMS Microbiol Lett, vol.254, p.16445745, 2006.

G. H. Palmer, T. Bankhead, and H. S. Seifert, Antigenic variation in bacterial pathogens, Microbiol Spectr, vol.4, issue.1, 2016.

A. M. Denison, B. Clapper, and K. Dybvig, Avoidance of the host immune system through phase variation in Mycoplasma pulmonis, Infect Immun, vol.73, pp.2033-2039, 2005.

K. Pflaum, E. R. Tulman, J. Beaudet, X. Liao, and S. J. Geary, Global changes in Mycoplasma gallisepticum phase-variable lipoprotein gene vlhA expression during in vivo infection of the natural chicken host, Infect Immun, vol.84, pp.351-355, 2015.

B. M. Shaw, W. L. Simmons, and K. Dybvig, The Vsa shield of Mycoplasma pulmonis is antiphagocytic, Infect Immun, vol.80, pp.704-709, 2012.

S. Sharma, C. Citti, E. Sagné, M. S. Marenda, P. F. Markham et al., Development and host compatibility of plasmids for two important ruminant pathogens, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae, PLoS One, vol.10, p.125268, 2015.

R. Chopra-dewasthaly, C. Citti, M. D. Glew, M. Zimmermann, R. Rosengarten et al., Phase-locked mutants of Mycoplasma agalactiae: defining the molecular switch of high-frequency Vpma antigenic variation, Mol Microbiol, vol.67, pp.1196-1210, 2008.

S. Czurda, W. Jechlinger, R. Rosengarten, and R. Chopra-dewasthaly, Xer1-mediated site-specific DNA inversions and excisions in Mycoplasma agalactiae, J Bacteriol, vol.192, pp.4462-4473, 2010.

B. Pettersson, M. Uhlén, and K. E. Johansson, Phylogeny of some mycoplasmas from ruminants based on 16S rRNA sequences and definition of a new cluster within the hominis group, Int J Syst Bacteriol, vol.46, pp.1093-1098, 1996.

R. A. Nicholas, L. K. Fox, and I. Lysnyansky, Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle: To cull or not to cull, Vet J, vol.216, pp.142-147, 2016.

G. Askaa and H. Erno, Elevation of Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis to species rank: Mycoplasma bovis (Hale et al.) comb. nov, Int J Syst Bacteriol, vol.26, pp.323-325, 1976.

K. S. Wise, M. J. Calcutt, M. F. Foecking, K. Röske, R. Madupu et al., Complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma bovis type strain PG45 (ATCC 25523), Infect Immun, vol.79, pp.982-983, 2011.

I. Lysnyansky, K. Sachse, R. Rosenbusch, S. Levisohn, and D. Yogev, The vsp locus of Mycoplasma bovis: gene organization and structural features, J Bacteriol, vol.181, pp.5734-5741, 1999.

M. D. Glew, M. Marenda, R. Rosengarten, and C. Citti, Surface diversity in Mycoplasma agalactiae is driven by site-specific DNA inversions within the vpma multigene locus, J Bacteriol, vol.184, pp.5987-5998, 2002.

R. Chopra-dewasthaly, M. Baumgartner, E. Gamper, C. Innerebner, M. Zimmermann et al., Role of Vpma phase variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae pathogenesis, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, vol.66, p.22809092, 2012.

R. Grogono-thomas, M. J. Blaser, M. Ahmadi, and D. G. Newell, Role of S-layer protein antigenic diversity in the immune responses of sheep experimentally challenged with Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, Infect Immun, vol.71, pp.147-154, 2003.

E. Baranowski, D. Bergonier, E. Sagné, M. C. Hygonenq, P. Ronsin et al., Experimental infections with Mycoplasma agalactiae identify key factors involved in host-colonization, PLoS One, vol.9, 2014.

P. Sirand-pugnet, C. Lartigue, M. Marenda, D. Jacob, A. Barré et al., Being pathogenic, plastic, and sexual while living with a nearly minimal bacterial genome, PLoS Genet, vol.3, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00306574

D. Matyushkina, O. Pobeguts, I. Butenko, A. Vanyushkina, N. Anikanov et al., Phase transition of the bacterium upon invasion of a host cell as a mechanism of adaptation: a Mycoplasma gallisepticum model, Sci Rep, vol.6, p.35959, 2016.

R. Moxon and C. Tang, Challenge of investigating biologically relevant functions of virulence factors in bacterial pathogens, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, vol.355, pp.643-656, 2000.

K. C. Ray, Z. C. Tu, R. Grogono-thomas, D. G. Newell, S. A. Thompson et al., Campylobacter fetus sap inversion occurs in the absence of RecA function, Infect Immun, vol.68, pp.5663-5667, 2000.

R. Grogono-thomas, J. Dworkin, M. J. Blaser, and D. G. Newell, Roles of the surface layer proteins of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in ovine abortion, Infect Immun, vol.68, pp.1687-1691, 2000.

I. Lysnyansky, Y. Ron, K. Sachse, and D. Yogev, Intrachromosomal recombination within the vsp locus of Mycoplasma bovis generates a chimeric variable surface lipoprotein antigen, Infect Immun, vol.69, pp.3703-3712, 2001.

L. X. Nouvel, M. Marenda, P. Sirand-pugnet, E. Sagné, M. Glew et al., Occurrence, plasticity, and evolution of the vpma gene family, a genetic system devoted to high-frequency surface variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae, J Bacteriol, vol.191, pp.4111-4121, 2009.

C. D. Bayliss, Determinants of phase variation rate and the fitness implications of differing rates for bacterial pathogens and commensals, FEMS Microbiol Rev, vol.33, p.19222587, 2009.

G. H. Palmer, T. Bankhead, and S. A. Lukehart, Nothing is permanent but change'-antigenic variation in persistent bacterial pathogens, Cell Microbiol, vol.11, pp.1697-1705, 2009.

H. Smith, What happens to bacterial pathogens in vivo?, Trends Microbiol, vol.6, pp.239-243, 1998.

A. Kovacs-simon, R. W. Titball, and S. L. Michell, Lipoproteins of bacterial pathogens, Infect Immun, vol.79, pp.548-561, 2011.

A. Castro-alonso, F. Rodríguez, C. De-la-fé, A. Espinosa-de-los-monteros, J. B. Poveda et al., Correlating the immune response with the clinical-pathological course of persistent mastitis experimentally induced by Mycoplasma agalactiae in dairy goats, Res Vet Sci, vol.86, pp.274-280, 2009.

A. Castro-alonso, C. De-la-fe, A. Espinosa-de-los-monteros, F. Rodríguez, M. Andrada et al., Chronological and immunohistochemical characterization of the mammary immunoinflammatory response in experimental caprine contagious agalactia, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, vol.136, pp.43-54, 2010.

B. Fleury, D. Bergonier, X. Berthelot, E. Peterhans, J. Frey et al., Characterization of P40, a cytadhesin of Mycoplasma agalactiae, Infect Immun, vol.70, pp.5612-5621, 2002.

J. S. Ikeda, C. K. Schmitt, S. C. Darnell, P. R. Watson, J. Bispham et al., Flagellar phase variation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contributes to virulence in the murine typhoid infection model but does not influence Salmonella-induced enteropathogenesis, Infect Immun, vol.69, pp.3021-3030, 2001.

P. A. Cotter and J. F. Miller, BvgAS-mediated signal transduction: analysis of phase-locked regulatory mutants of Bordetella bronchiseptica in a rabbit model, Infect Immun, vol.62, pp.3381-3390, 1994.

A. M. Jansen, V. Lockatell, D. E. Johnson, and H. L. Mobley, Mannose-resistant Proteus-like fimbriae are produced by most Proteus mirabilis strains infecting the urinary tract, dictate the in vivo localization of bacteria, and contribute to biofilm formation, Infect Immun, vol.72, pp.7294-7305, 2004.

M. Solsona, M. Lambert, and F. Poumarat, Genomic, protein homogeneity and antigenic variability of Mycoplasma agalactiae, Vet Microbiol, vol.50, pp.45-58, 1996.

B. Aluotto, B. Wittler, R. G. Williams, C. O. Faber, and J. E. , Standardized bacteriologic techniques for the characterization of Mycoplasma species, Int J Syst Bacteriol, vol.20, pp.35-58, 1970.

R. Chopra-dewasthaly, M. Marenda, R. Rosengarten, W. Jechlinger, and C. Citti, Construction of the first shuttle vectors for gene cloning and homologous recombination in Mycoplasma agalactiae, FEMS Microbiol Lett, vol.253, pp.89-94, 2005.