A. F. Agrawal, Ecological determinants of mutation load and inbreeding depression in subdivided populations, Am. Nat, vol.176, pp.111-122, 2010.

G. Bell, Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. I. Short-term selection in uniform and diverse environments, Hered, vol.78, pp.490-497, 1997.

G. Bell and X. Reboud, Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. II. Genetic variation in strongly contrasted environments, Hered, vol.78, pp.1-11, 1997.

J. S. Brown and N. B. Pavlovic, Evolution in heterogeneous environments -effects of migration on habitat specialization, Evol. Ecol, vol.6, pp.360-382, 1992.

T. J. Case and M. L. Taper, Interspecific competition, environmental gradients, gene flow, and the coevolution of species' borders, Am. Nat, vol.155, 2000.

L. Chao, K. Hanley, C. L. Burch, C. Dahlberg, and P. E. Turner, Kin selection and parasite evolution: Higher and lower virulence with hard and soft selection, Q. Rev. Biol, vol.75, pp.261-275, 2000.

L. Chevin, On measuring selection in experimental evolution, Biol. Lett, vol.7, pp.210-213, 2011.

F. B. Christiansen, Hard and soft selection in a subdivided population, Am. Nat, vol.109, pp.11-16, 1975.

F. B. Christiansen, Sufficient conditions for protected polymorphism in a subdivided population, Am. Nat, vol.108, pp.157-166, 1974.

K. A. Crandall, O. R. Bininda-emonds, G. M. Mace, and R. K. Wayne, Considering evolutionary pressures in conservation biology, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.15, pp.290-295, 2000.

K. Datsenko and B. L. Wanner, One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.97, pp.6640-6645, 2000.

T. Day, Competition and the effect of spatial resource heterogeneity on evolutionary diversification, Am. Nat, vol.155, pp.790-803, 2000.

T. De-meeûs, Y. Michalakis, F. Renaud, and I. Olivieri, Polymorphism in heterogeneous environments, evolution of habitat selection and sympatric speciation -soft and hard selection models, Evol. Ecol, vol.7, pp.175-198, 1993.

F. Débarre and S. Gandon, Evolution of specialization in a spatially continuous environment, J. Evol. Biol, vol.23, pp.1090-1099, 2010.

F. Débarre and S. Gandon, Evolution in heterogeneous environments: Between soft and hard selection, Am. Nat, vol.177, pp.84-97, 2011.

, Comment citer ce document

R. Gallet, R. Froissart, and V. Ravigné, Experimental demonstration of the impact of hard and soft selection regimes on polymorphism maintenance in spatially heterogeneous environments, Evolution, vol.72, issue.8, pp.1677-1688, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02623091

F. Débarre and T. Lenormand, Distance-limited dispersal promotes coexistence at habitat boundaries: Reconsidering the competitive exclusion principle, Ecol. Lett, vol.14, pp.260-266, 2011.

E. R. Dempster, Maintenance of genetic heterogeneity, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. Sci, vol.20, pp.25-32, 1955.

M. Doebeli and U. Dieckmann, Evolutionary branching and sympatric speciation caused by different types of ecological interactions, Am. Nat, vol.156, pp.77-101, 2000.

D. Ebert, Experimental evolution of parasites, Science, vol.282, pp.1432-1436, 1998.

M. Egas, U. Dieckmann, and M. W. Sabelis, Evolution restricts the coexistence of specialists and generalists: the role of trade-off structure, Am. Nat, vol.163, pp.518-549, 2004.

R. Gallet, T. F. Cooper, S. F. Elena, and T. Lenormand, Measuring selection coefficients below 10 -3 : Method, questions, and prospects, Genetics, vol.190, pp.175-186, 2012.

A. García-dorado, P. Martin, and N. García, Soft selection and quantitative genetic variation: a laboratory experiment, Hered, vol.66, pp.313-323, 1991.

P. W. Hedrick, Theoretical analysis of habitat selection and the maintenance of genetic variation, Ecological and evolutionary genetics of Drosophila, pp.209-227, 1990.

E. K. Ho and A. F. , The effects of competition on the strength and softness of selection, J. Evol. Biol, vol.25, pp.2537-2546, 2012.

J. N. Jasmin and R. Kassen, On the experimental evolution of specialization and diversity in heterogeneous environments, Ecol. Lett, vol.10, pp.272-281, 2007.

S. Karlin and R. B. Campbell, The existence of a protected polymorphism under conditions of soft as opposed to hard selection in a multideme population system, Am. Nat, vol.117, pp.262-275, 1981.

R. Kassen, The experimental evolution of specialists, generalists, and the maintenance of diversity, J. Evol. Biol, vol.15, pp.173-190, 2002.

M. Kirkpatrick and N. H. Barton, Evolution of a species' range, Am. Nat, vol.150, pp.1-23, 1997.

N. Kleckner, J. Bender, and S. Gottesman, Uses of transposons with emphasis on Tn10, Methods Enzymol, vol.204, pp.139-180, 1991.

A. Laffafian, J. D. King, and A. F. Agrawal, Variation in the strength and softness of selection on deleterious mutations, Evolution, vol.64, pp.3232-3241, 2010.

R. E. Lenski, M. R. Rose, S. C. Simpson, and S. C. Tadler, Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations, Am. Nat, vol.138, pp.1315-1341, 1991.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00171694

H. Levene, Genetic equilibrium when more than one niche is available, Am. Nat, vol.87, pp.331-333, 1953.

R. Levins, Evolution in changing environments: Some theoretical explorations, 1968.

R. Levins, Theory of fitness in heterogeneous environments. 1. The fitness set and the adaptive function, Am. Nat, vol.96, pp.361-373, 1962.

M. Mackauer, Host discrimination and larval competition in solitary endoparasitoids, Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept, pp.41-62, 1990.

F. Massol, A framework to compare theoretical predictions on trait evolution in temporally varying environments under different life cycles, Ecol. Complex, vol.16, pp.9-19, 2013.

M. Smith and J. , Sympatric speciation, Am. Nat, vol.100, pp.637-650, 1966.

M. Smith, J. , and R. Hoekstra, Polymorphism in a varied environment: how robust are the models?, Genet. Res, vol.35, pp.45-57, 1980.

G. Meszéna, I. Czibula, and S. A. Geritz, Adaptive dynamics in a 2-patch environment: a toy model for allopatric and parapatric speciation, J. Biol. Syst, vol.5, pp.265-284, 1997.

F. Mizera and G. Meszéna, Spatial niche packing, character displacement and adaptive speciation along an environmental gradient, Evol. Ecol. Res, vol.5, 2003.

A. J. Nicholson, An outline of the dynamics of animal populations, Aust. J. Zool, vol.2, pp.9-65, 1954.

T. Nurmi and K. Parvinen, On the evolution of specialization with a mechanistic underpinning in structured metapopulations, Theor. Popul. Biol, vol.73, pp.222-243, 2008.

K. Parvinen and M. Egas, Dispersal and the evolution of specialisation in a two-habitat type metapopulation. Theor, Popul. Biol, vol.66, pp.233-248, 2004.

T. Prout, Sufficient conditions for multiple niche polymorphism, Am. Nat, vol.102, pp.493-496, 1968.

P. B. Rainey, A. Buckling, R. Kassen, and M. Travisano, The emergence and maintenance of diversity : insights from experimental bacterial populations, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.5347, pp.243-247, 2000.

V. Ravigné, U. Dieckmann, and I. Olivieri, Live where you thrive: Joint evolution of habitat choice and local adaptation facilitates specialization and promotes diversity, Am. Nat, vol.174, pp.141-69, 2009.

V. Ravigné, I. Olivieri, and U. Dieckmann, Implications of habitat choice for protected polymorphisms, Evol. Ecol. Res, vol.6, pp.125-145, 2004.

, Comment citer ce document

D. Reznick, Hard and soft selection revisited : How evolution by natural selection works in the real world, J. Hered, pp.3-14, 2016.

D. A. Roff, The evolution of life histories, 1993.

P. F. Vale, Killing them softly: Managing pathogen polymorphism and virulence in spatially variable environments, Trends Parasitol, vol.29, pp.417-422, 2013.

P. Van-tienderen, Generalists, specialists, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in sympatric populations of distinct species, Evolution, vol.51, pp.1372-1380, 1997.

B. Wallace, Hard and soft selection revisited, Evolution, vol.29, pp.465-473, 1975.

A. E. Weis, K. M. Turner, B. Petro, E. J. Austen, and S. M. Wadgymar, Hard and soft selection on phenology through seasonal shifts in the general and social environments: A study on plant emergence time, Evolution, vol.69, pp.1361-1374, 2015.

M. C. Whitlock, Selection, load and inbreeding depression in a large metapopulation, Genetics, vol.1202, pp.1191-1202, 2002.

, Comment citer ce document