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, Le croisement entre races laitières pourrait être une voie d'amélioration. Or, à l'exception notable de la Nouvelle Zélande, le croisement laitier reste très marginal dans les pays développés. Ce constat pourrait s'expliquer en partie par un manque de connaissances sur les avantages et inconvénients du croisement. L'objectif de cette synthèse est de faire le point sur les connaissances actuelles autour du croisement laitier. Le croisement permet de bénéficier des effets génétiques additifs de la sélection intra-race mais également des effets génétiques non-additifs. Ces effets sont généralement favorables et augmentent le potentiel génétique des individus issus de croisement. Ainsi les vaches issues de croisement de première génération entre Prim'Holstein et Montbéliarde ont un niveau génétique quasiment équivalent à la Prim'Holstein pour la quantité de lait et à la Montbéliarde pour le taux de conception. L'intérêt technico-économique d'introduire du croisement laitier dans un atelier initialement en race Prim'Holstein dépend de la situation initiale de cet atelier, la robustesse des vaches de race pure Prim'Holstein, se traduisant par leur capacité à maintenir à la fois de bonnes performances de reproduction, de santé et de production, se trouve dégradée. Ceci peut avoir des répercussions techniques et économiques négatives importantes