Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
Juan Carlos Zamora
(1)
,
Mans Svensson
(1)
,
Roland Kirschner
(2)
,
Ibai Olariaga
(3)
,
Svengunnar Ryman
(1)
,
Luis Alberto Parra
(4)
,
József Geml
(5)
,
Anna Rosling
(6)
,
Slavomír Adamčík
(7)
,
Teuvo Ahti
(8)
,
M. Catherine Aime
(9)
,
A. Martyn Ainsworth
(10)
,
László Albert
(11)
,
Edgardo Albertó
(12)
,
Alberto Altés García
(13)
,
Dmitry Ageev
(14)
,
Reinhard Agerer
(15)
,
Begoña Aguirre-Hudson
(10)
,
Joe Ammirati
(16)
,
Harry Andersson
,
Claudio Angelini
(17)
,
Vladimír Antonín
(18)
,
Takayuki Aoki
(19)
,
André Aptroot
(20)
,
Didier Argaud
(21)
,
Blanca Imelda Arguello Sosa
(22)
,
Arne Aronsen
(23)
,
Ulf Arup
(24)
,
Bita Asgari
(25)
,
Boris Assyov
(26)
,
Violeta Atienza
(27)
,
Ditte Bandini
(28)
,
João Luís Baptista-Ferreira
(29)
,
Hans-Otto Baral
(30)
,
Tim Baroni
(31)
,
Robert Weingart Barreto
(32)
,
Henry Beker
(33, 34)
,
Ann Bell
(35)
,
Jean-Michel Bellanger
(36)
,
Francesco Bellù
(37)
,
Martin Bemmann
(38)
,
Mika Bendiksby
(39)
,
Egil Bendiksen
(40)
,
Katriina Bendiksen
(41)
,
Lajos Benedek
(42)
,
Anna Bérešová-Guttová
(7)
,
Franz Berger
(43)
,
Reinhard Berndt
(44)
,
Annarosa Bernicchia
(45)
,
Alona Yu. Biketova
(46)
,
Enrico Bizio
(47)
,
Curtis Bjork
(48)
,
Teun Boekhout
(49, 50)
,
David Boertmann
(51)
,
Tanja Böhning
(52)
,
Florent Boittin
,
Carlos G. Boluda
(53)
,
Menno W. Boomsluiter
(54)
,
Jan Borovička
(55)
,
Tor Erik Brandrud
(40)
,
Uwe Braun
(56)
,
Irwin Brodo
(57)
,
Tatiana Bulyonkova
(58)
,
Harold H. Burdsall Jr.
(59)
,
Bart Buyck
(60)
,
Ana Rosa Burgaz
(61)
,
Vicent Calatayud
(62)
,
Philippe Callac
(63)
,
Emanuele Campo
(64)
,
Massimo Candusso
(65)
,
Brigitte Capoen
,
Joaquim Carbó
,
Matteo Carbone
(66)
,
Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz
(67)
,
Michael A. Castellano
(68)
,
Jie Chen
(69)
,
Philippe Clerc
(53)
,
Giovanni Consiglio
(70)
,
Gilles Corriol
(71)
,
Régis Courtecuisse
(72)
,
Ana Crespo
(61)
,
Cathy Cripps
(73)
,
Pedro W. Crous
(49)
,
Gladstone Alves da Silva
(74)
,
Meiriele da Silva
(32)
,
Marjo Dam
(75)
,
Nico Dam
(75)
,
Frank Dämmrich
(76)
,
Kanad Das
(77)
,
Linda Davies
(78)
,
Eske de Crop
(79)
,
André de Kesel
(34)
,
Franck Richard
(36)
,
Adrien Taudière
(36)
1
Uppsala University
2 National Central University
3 URJC - Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid]
4 Avenida Padre Claret 7
5 Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden]
6 Evolutionary Biology Centre
7 SAS - Slovak Academy of Sciences
8 LUOMUS - Finnish Museum of Natural History
9 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
10 Royal Botanic Gardens
11 Hungarian Mycological Society
12 UNSAM - Universidad Nacional de San Martin
13 UAH - Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá
14 SIGNATEC Ltd.
15 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
16 University of Washington [Seattle]
17 Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso
18 Moravian Museum
19 NARO - National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
20 ABL Herbarium
21 Auteur indépendant
22 Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria
23 Torødveien 54
24 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
25 ARREO - Agricultural Research,Education and Extension Organization
26 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research
27 UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia
28 Panoramastr 47
29 ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon
30 Blaihofstr. 42
31 SUNY - State University of New York
32 UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa
33 Royal Holloway
34 Plantentuin - Meise Botanic Garden [Belgium]
35 45 Gurney Road
36 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
37 Naturmusem of Bolzano
38 Kleingemünderstraße 111
39 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
40 NINA - Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
41 UiO - University of Oslo
42 Szent István University
43 University of Salzburg
44 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
45 Via A. Guidotti 39
46 Institute of Biochemistry
47 Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali
48 UBC - University of British Columbia
49 WI - Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute [Utrecht]
50 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics
51 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
52 CAU - Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel = Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel = Université Christian-Albrechts de Kiel
53 CJBG - Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève
54 T.v.Lohuizenstraat 34
55 Institute of Geology
56 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
57 Canadian Museum of Nature
58 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
59 Fungal & Decay Diagnostics
60 MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
61 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
62 Fundación CEAM
63 MycSA - Unité de recherche Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments
64 Associazione Micologica Bresadola - Emilia Romagna
65 Via Ottone Primo 90
66 Via Don Luigi Sturzo
67 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical 'Alejandro de Humboldt'
68 USDA - United States Department of Agriculture
69 MFU - Mae Fah Luang University [Thaïlande]
70 Via C. Ronzani 61
71 CBNMP - Conservatoire Botanique National de Midi-Pyrénées
72 Université de Lille
73 MSU - Montana State University
74 UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife]
75 Hooischelf 13
76 SNSB - Staatlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlungen Bayerns
77 Botanical Survey of India
78 Centre for Environmental Policy
79 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University
2 National Central University
3 URJC - Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid]
4 Avenida Padre Claret 7
5 Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden]
6 Evolutionary Biology Centre
7 SAS - Slovak Academy of Sciences
8 LUOMUS - Finnish Museum of Natural History
9 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
10 Royal Botanic Gardens
11 Hungarian Mycological Society
12 UNSAM - Universidad Nacional de San Martin
13 UAH - Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá
14 SIGNATEC Ltd.
15 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
16 University of Washington [Seattle]
17 Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso
18 Moravian Museum
19 NARO - National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
20 ABL Herbarium
21 Auteur indépendant
22 Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria
23 Torødveien 54
24 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
25 ARREO - Agricultural Research,Education and Extension Organization
26 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research
27 UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia
28 Panoramastr 47
29 ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon
30 Blaihofstr. 42
31 SUNY - State University of New York
32 UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa
33 Royal Holloway
34 Plantentuin - Meise Botanic Garden [Belgium]
35 45 Gurney Road
36 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
37 Naturmusem of Bolzano
38 Kleingemünderstraße 111
39 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
40 NINA - Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
41 UiO - University of Oslo
42 Szent István University
43 University of Salzburg
44 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
45 Via A. Guidotti 39
46 Institute of Biochemistry
47 Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali
48 UBC - University of British Columbia
49 WI - Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute [Utrecht]
50 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics
51 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
52 CAU - Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel = Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel = Université Christian-Albrechts de Kiel
53 CJBG - Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève
54 T.v.Lohuizenstraat 34
55 Institute of Geology
56 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
57 Canadian Museum of Nature
58 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
59 Fungal & Decay Diagnostics
60 MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
61 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
62 Fundación CEAM
63 MycSA - Unité de recherche Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments
64 Associazione Micologica Bresadola - Emilia Romagna
65 Via Ottone Primo 90
66 Via Don Luigi Sturzo
67 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical 'Alejandro de Humboldt'
68 USDA - United States Department of Agriculture
69 MFU - Mae Fah Luang University [Thaïlande]
70 Via C. Ronzani 61
71 CBNMP - Conservatoire Botanique National de Midi-Pyrénées
72 Université de Lille
73 MSU - Montana State University
74 UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife]
75 Hooischelf 13
76 SNSB - Staatlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Sammlungen Bayerns
77 Botanical Survey of India
78 Centre for Environmental Policy
79 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University
Harry Andersson
- Fonction : Auteur
Florent Boittin
- Fonction : Auteur
Bart Buyck
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 784043
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6824-5280
Brigitte Capoen
- Fonction : Auteur
Joaquim Carbó
- Fonction : Auteur
Adrien Taudière
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 13346
- IdHAL : adrien-taudiere
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1088-1182
- IdRef : 19979734X
Résumé
Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.