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                <term xml:lang="en">leaf temperature</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">city</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">stomatal conductance</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">evapotranspiration</term>
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              <p>Trees can potentially have a positive effect on the thermal urban climate due to their 3D spatial structure, their ability to intercept light and to evaporate water. Experimental and modelling works done since twenty years enabled to verify and quantify this potential at different scales: from the street to the city through the neighborhood. More particularly it has been shown that trees impact the urban climate system by altering the urban radiation balance by shading soil and buildings, and by lowering air temperature through transpiration process. Understanding these mechanisms makes it possible to better formalize interactions between a tree cover (single tree or park) and urban climate, and to identify conditions that will ensure a thermal regulation. Among these conditions water availability appears to be crucial.</p>
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              <p>La structuration spatiale, la capacité d’intercepter la lumière et de transpirer des feuilles confèrent aux arbres un potentiel d’action sur le climat urbain notamment thermique. Les travaux d’expérimentation et de modélisation entrepris depuis une vingtaine d’années ont permis de quantifier ce potentiel à différentes échelles : de la rue à la ville en passant par le quartier. Plus particulièrement les arbres agissent sur le climat urbain en modifiant le bilan radiatif (effet d’ombrage du sol et des bâtiments) et diminution de la température d’air via la transpiration. La compréhension de ce mécanisme permet de mieux formaliser les interactions entre une strate arborée (arbre seul ou parc) et le climat urbain, et d’identifier les conditions nécessaires qui permettront d’assurer une régulation thermique. Parmi ces conditions l’accès à l’eau apparaît comme primordial.</p>
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