M. Aickin and H. Gensler, Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: the Bonferroni vs Holm methods, American Journal of Public Health, vol.86, pp.726-728, 1996.

M. Aira, M. Gomez-brandon, C. Lazcano, E. Baath, and J. Dominguez, Plant genotype strongly modifies the structure and growth of maize rhizosphere microbial communities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.42, pp.2276-2281, 2010.

R. D. Bardgett, J. L. Mawdsley, S. Edwards, P. J. Hobbs, J. S. Rodwell et al., Plant species and nitrogen effects on soil biological properties of temperate upland grasslands, Functional Ecology, vol.13, pp.650-660, 1999.

C. Baxendale, K. H. Orwin, F. Poly, T. Pommier, and R. D. Bardgett, Are plant-soil feedback responses explained by plant traits, New Phytologist, vol.204, pp.408-423, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02487469

G. Berg and K. Smalla, Plant species and soil type cooperatively shape the structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.68, pp.1-13, 2009.

T. M. Bezemer, C. S. Lawson, K. Hedlund, A. R. Edwards, A. J. Brook et al., Plant species and functional group effects on abiotic and microbial soil properties and plant-soil feedback responses in two grasslands, Journal of Ecology, vol.94, pp.893-904, 2006.

E. Blagodatskaya, J. Littschwager, M. Lauerer, and Y. Kuzyakov, Plant traits regulating N capture define microbial competition in the rhizosphere, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.61, pp.41-48, 2014.

A. Bouasria, T. Mustafa, F. Bello, L. Zinger, G. Lemperiere et al., Changes in root-associated microbial communities are determined by species-specific plant growth responses to stress and disturbance, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.52, pp.59-66, 2012.

C. Bremer, G. Braker, D. Matthies, A. Reuter, C. Engels et al., Impact of plant functional group, plant species, and sampling time on the composition of nirK-Type denitrifier communities in soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, pp.6876-6884, 2007.

D. T. Britto and H. J. Kronzucker, Ecological significance and complexity of N-source preference in plants, Annals of Botany, vol.112, pp.957-963, 2013.

D. Bru, A. Sarr, and L. Philippot, Relative abundances of proteobacterial membrane-bound and periplasmic nitrate reductases in selected environments, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, pp.5971-5974, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02663503

D. R. Cook, Medicago truncatula-a model in the making!: commentary, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.2, pp.301-304, 1999.

N. Dassonville, N. Guillaumaud, F. Piola, P. Meerts, and F. Poly, Niche construction by the invasive Asian knotweeds (species complex Fallopia): impact on activity, abundance and community structure of denitrifiers and nitrifiers, Biological Invasions, vol.13, pp.1115-1133, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00591789

G. B. De-deyn, H. Quirk, Z. Yi, S. Oakley, N. J. Ostle et al., Vegetation composition promotes carbon and nitrogen storage in model grassland communities of contrasting soil fertility, Journal of Ecology, vol.97, pp.864-875, 2009.

F. T. De-vries, Abiotic drivers and plant traits explain landscape-scale patterns in soil microbial communities, Ecology Letters, vol.15, pp.1230-1239, 2012.

C. Debouche, Pre´sentation coordonne´e de diffe´rents mode`les de croissance, Revue de Statistique Applique´e, vol.27, pp.5-22, 1979.

S. Dole´dec and D. Chessel, Rythmes saisonniers et composantes stationnelles en milieu aquatique. I: description d'un plan d'observation complet par projection de variables. Acta oecologica, Oecologia Generalis, vol.8, pp.403-426, 1987.

J. Draper, L. A. Mur, G. Jenkins, G. C. Ghosh-biswas, P. Bablak et al., Brachypodium distachyon. A new model system for functional genomics in grasses, Plant Physiology, vol.127, pp.1539-1555, 2001.

J. B. Dumas, Proce´de´s de l'analyse organique, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vol.247, pp.198-213, 1831.

H. Ellenberg, Zeigerwerte der gefa¨sspflanzen mitteleuropas, Scripta geobotanica, vol.9, pp.1-97, 1974.

N. Fierer, C. L. Lauber, K. S. Ramirez, J. Zaneveld, M. A. Bradford et al., Comparative metagenomic, phylogenetic and physiological analyses of soil microbial communities across nitrogen gradients, The ISME Journal, vol.6, pp.1007-1017, 2011.

D. A. Frank and P. M. Groffman, Plant rhizospheric N processes: what we don't know and why we should care, Ecology, vol.90, pp.1512-1519, 2009.

J. F. Ghiglione, A. Richaume, L. Philippot, and R. Lensi, Relative involvement of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the competitiveness of Pseudomonas fluorescens in the rhizosphere of maize under non-limiting nitrate conditions, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.39, pp.121-127, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02569786

C. Granier and F. Tardieu, Leaf expansion and cell division are affected by reducing absorbed light before but not after the decline in cell division rate in the sunflower leaf, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.22, pp.1365-1376, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684596

D. J. Greenwood, G. Lemaire, G. Gosse, P. Cruz, A. Draycott et al., Decline in percentage N of C3 and C4 crops with increasing plant mass, Annals of Botany, vol.66, pp.425-436, 1990.

A. Hartmann, M. Rothballer, and M. Schmid, Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and soil bacteriology research, Plant and Soil, vol.312, pp.7-14, 2008.

C. V. Hawkes, I. F. Wren, D. J. Herman, and M. K. Firestone, Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community, Ecology Letters, vol.8, pp.976-985, 2005.

L. Hiltner, Ü ber neuere erfahrungen und probleme auf dem gebiete der bodenbakteriologie unter besonderer be-ru¨cksichtigung der gru¨ndu¨ngung und brache, Arbeiten der Deutschen Landwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaft, vol.98, pp.59-78, 1904.

A. Hodge, D. Robinson, and A. Fitter, Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competing for nitrogen?, Trends in Plant Science, vol.5, pp.304-308, 2000.

L. E. Jensen and O. Nybroe, Nitrogen availability to Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 is limited during decomposition of barley straw in bulk soil and in the barley rhizosphere, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.65, pp.4320-4328, 1999.

D. L. Jones, J. R. Healey, V. B. Willett, J. F. Farrar, and A. Hodge, Dissolved organic nitrogen uptake by plantsan important N uptake pathway?, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.37, pp.413-423, 2005.

Y. Kuzyakov and X. Xu, Competition between roots and microorganisms for nitrogen: mechanisms and ecological relevance, New Phytologist, vol.198, pp.656-669, 2013.

S. Leininger, T. Urich, M. Schloter, L. Schwark, J. Qi et al., predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils, Archaea, vol.442, pp.806-809, 2006.

J. C. Lo´pez-gutie´rrez, S. Henry, S. Hallet, F. Martin-laurent, G. Catroux et al., Quantification of a novel group of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the environment by realtime PCR, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.57, pp.399-407, 2004.

P. Marschner, D. Crowley, and C. Yang, Development of specific rhizosphere bacterial communities in relation to plant species, nutrition and soil type, Plant and Soil, vol.261, pp.199-208, 2004.

P. Mathey, D. Moreau, and N. Munier-jolain, Standardisation de la prise de photographies en conditions contrôle´es pour l'estimation non destructive de la surface foliaire, Le Cahier des Techniques de l'Inra, vol.72, pp.31-36, 2011.

R. Mendes, P. Garbeva, and J. M. Raaijmakers, The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.37, pp.634-663, 2013.

D. Moreau, H. Busset, A. Matejicek, and N. Munier-jolain, The ecophysiological determinants of nitrophily in annual weed species, Weed Research, vol.54, pp.335-346, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02634025

D. Moreau, G. Milard, and N. Munier-jolain, A plant nitrophily index based on plant leaf area response to soil nitrogen availability, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.33, pp.809-815, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201394

C. Mougel, P. Offre, L. Ranjard, T. Corberand, E. Gamalero et al., Dynamic of the genetic structure of bacterial and fungal communities at different developmental stages of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong line J5, New Phytologist, vol.170, pp.165-175, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02668733

T. Na¨sholm, A. Ekblad, A. Nordin, R. Giesler, M. Hogberg et al., Boreal forest plants take up organic nitrogen, Nature, vol.392, pp.914-916, 1998.

T. Na¨sholm, K. Kielland, and U. Ganeteg, Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants, New Phytologist, vol.182, pp.31-48, 2009.

D. R. Nemergut, The effects of chronic nitrogen fertilization on alpine tundra soil microbial communities: implications for carbon and nitrogen cycling, Environmental Microbiology, vol.10, pp.3093-3105, 2008.

P. Normand, C. Ponsonnet, X. Nesme, M. Neyra, and P. Simonet, ITS analysis of prokaryotes. Pages 1-12 in D, Molecular microbial ecology manual, 1996.

K. H. Orwin, S. M. Buckland, D. Johnson, B. L. Turner, S. Smart et al., Linkages of plant traits to soil properties and the functioning of temperate grassland, Journal of Ecology, vol.98, pp.1074-1083, 2010.

L. Philippot, S. Hallin, G. Bo¨rjesson, and E. Baggs, Biochemical cycling in the rhizosphere having an impact on global change, Plant and Soil, vol.321, pp.61-81, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02665193

L. Philippot and O. Hojberg, Dissimilatory nitrate reductases in bacteria, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Gene Structure and Expression, vol.1446, pp.1-23, 1999.

L. Philippot, J. M. Raaijmakers, P. Lemanceau, and W. H. Van-der-putten, Going back to the roots: the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.11, pp.789-799, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02651785

R. Development-core and . Team, R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

L. Ranjard, D. P. Lejon, C. Mougel, L. Schehrer, D. Merdinoglu et al., Sampling strategy in molecular microbial ecology: influence of soil sample size on DNA fingerprinting analysis of fungal and bacterial communities, Environmental Microbiology, vol.5, pp.1111-1120, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02679013

G. Subbarao, Evidence for biological nitrification inhibition in Brachiaria pastures, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol.106, pp.17302-17307, 2009.

G. Subbarao, Biological nitrification inhibition-a novel strategy to regulate nitrification in agricultural systems, Advances in Agronomy, vol.114, pp.249-302, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00662903

J. Thioulouse, D. Chessel, S. Dole, and J. Olivier, ADE-4: a multivariate analysis and graphical display software, Statistics and Computing, vol.7, pp.75-83, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00434994

M. Tourna, T. E. Freitag, G. W. Nicol, and J. I. Prosser, Growth, activity and temperature responses of ammoniaoxidizing archaea and bacteria in soil microcosms, Environmental Microbiology, vol.10, pp.1357-1364, 2008.

M. Tsiknia, V. A. Tzanakakis, and N. V. Paranychianakis, Insights on the role of vegetation on nitrogen cycling in effluent irrigated lands, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.64, pp.104-111, 2013.

M. G. Van-der-heijden, R. D. Bardgett, N. M. Van-straalen-;-van-der-heijden, M. G. , J. N. Klironomos et al., The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.11, pp.69-72, 1998.

C. Violle, M. Navas, D. Vile, E. Kazakou, C. Fortunel et al., Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos, vol.116, pp.882-892, 2007.

P. M. Vitousek and R. W. Howarth, Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur?, Biogeochemistry, vol.13, pp.87-115, 1991.

H. J. Yin, Z. F. Xu, Z. Chen, Y. Y. Wei, and Q. Liu, Nitrogen transformation in the rhizospheres of two subalpine coniferous species under experimental warming, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.59, pp.60-67, 2012.

A. Zancarini, C. Mougel, S. Terrat, C. Salon, and N. Munier-jolain, Combining ecophysiological and microbial ecological approaches to study the interaction between Medicago truncatula genotypes and the soil microbial communities, Plant and Soil, vol.365, pp.183-199, 2013.

A. Zancarini, C. Mougel, A. S. Voisin, M. Prudent, C. Salon et al., Soil nitrogen availability and plant genotype modify the nutrition strategies of M. truncatula and the associated rhizosphere microbial communities, PLoS ONE 7:e47096. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Ecological Archives The Appendix is available online, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02646215