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              <p>In agricultural systems, biodiversity includes diversity within species and among species and provides many benefits for production, resilience and conservation. This article addresses the effects of a strategy of in situ conservation called dynamic management (DM) on population evolution, adaptation and diversity. Two French DM initiatives are considered, the first one corresponding to an experimental context, the second to an on-farm management. Results from a study over 26 years of experimental DM of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are first presented, including the evolution of agronomic traits and genetic diversity at neutral and fitness related loci. While this experiment greatly increased scientific knowledge of the effects of natural selection on cultivated populations, it also showed that population conservation cannot rely only on a network of experimental stations. In collaboration with a farmers’ network in France, researchers have begun studying the effects of on-farm DM (conservation and selection) on diversity and adaptation. Results from these studies show that on-farm DM is a key element for the long-term conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity. This method of in situ conservation deserves more attention in industrialised countries.</p>
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              <p>L’importance de l’agrobiodiversité, c’est-à-dire la biodiversité présente dans les espaces agricoles, fait l’objet d’une reconnaissance toute récente. Cette biodiversité, qui englobe à la fois la diversité observée à l’intérieur des espèces et la richesse en espèces, est à l’origine de nombreux bénéfices pour les fonctions de production, résilience et conservation des espaces agricoles. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux principaux effets d’une stratégie de conservation in situ de l’agrobiodiversité, la gestion dynamique (GD), sur l’évolution de la diversité et l’adaptation des populations. Notre analyse est construite sur la base de deux initiatives françaises de GD, l’une dans un contexte expérimental, et la seconde se déroulant à la ferme. Une première approche expérimentale de GD est menée depuis 26 années sur le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.), et a fait l’objet de nombreuses études, portant sur l’évolution des caractères agronomiques et de la diversité génétique de locus neutres ou sélectionnés. Cette expérience a contribué à la meilleure connaissance des effets de la sélection naturelle sur les populations cultivées, mais elle a également montré qu’un réseau de stations expérimentales ne pouvait constituer l’unique dispositif de conservation de populations cultivées. En collaboration avec un réseau d’agriculteurs français, les scientifiques ont initié l’étude de l’effet de la conservation à la ferme et de la sélection participative sur la diversité et l’adaptation des populations. Les résultats des premières études montrent que la conservation in situ à la ferme et la sélection participative sont des éléments essentiels pour la conservation à long terme et l’utilisation de la biodiversité agricole, un rôle encore peu reconnu dans les pays industrialisés.</p>
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