L. R. Jones, The Relation of Environment to Disease in Plants, American Journal of Botany, vol.11, pp.601-609, 1924.

J. Colhoun, Effects of environmental factors on plant disease, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.11, pp.343-364, 1973.

G. N. Agrios, Plant Pathology, 1978.

J. M. Kniskern and M. D. Rausher, Environmental variation mediates the deleterious effects of Coleosporium ipomoeae on Ipomoea purpurea, Ecology, vol.87, pp.675-685, 2006.

Y. P. Springer, B. A. Hardcastle, and G. S. Gilbert, Soil calcium and plant disease in serpentine ecosystems: a test of the pathogen refuge hypothesis, Oecologia, vol.151, pp.10-21, 2007.

F. A. Al-naimi, K. A. Garrett, and W. W. Bockus, Competition, facilitation, and niche differentiation in two foliar pathogens, Oecologia, vol.143, pp.449-457, 2005.

J. J. Burdon and G. A. Chilvers, HOST DENSITY AS A FACTOR IN PLANT-DISEASE ECOLOGY. Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.20, pp.143-166, 1982.

P. H. Thrall, R. Godfree, and J. J. Burdon, Influence of spatial structure on pathogen colonization and extinction: a test using an experimental metapopulation, Plant Pathology, vol.52, pp.350-361, 2003.

U. Carlsson-graner and P. H. Thrall, The impact of host longevity on disease transmission: host-pathogen dynamics and the evolution of resistance, Evolutionary Ecology Research, vol.8, pp.659-675, 2006.

G. S. Gilbert and W. Co, Phylogenetic signal in plant pathogen-host range, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.104, pp.4979-4983, 2007.

I. N. Lyimo and H. M. Ferguson, Ecological and evolutionary determinants of host species choice in mosquito vectors, Trends in Parasitology, vol.25, pp.189-196, 2009.

P. Dodds and P. Thrall, Recognition events and host-pathogen co-evolution in gene-for-gene resistance to flax rust, Functional Plant Biology, vol.36, pp.395-408, 2009.

H. Flor, Host-parasite interactions in flax -its genetic and other implications, Phytopathology, vol.45, pp.680-685, 1955.

F. Garcia-arenal, A. Fraile, and J. M. Malpica, Variation and evolution of plant virus populations, International Microbiology, vol.6, pp.225-232, 2003.

P. Ahlquist, A. O. Noueiry, W. M. Lee, D. B. Kushner, and B. T. Dye, Host factors in positive-strand RNA virus genome replication, Journal of Virology, vol.77, pp.8181-8186, 2003.

A. Fereres and A. Moreno, Behavioural aspects influencing plant virus transmission by homopteran insects, Virus Research, vol.141, pp.158-168, 2009.

N. Minakawa, E. Omukunda, G. F. Zhou, A. Githeko, and G. Y. Yan, Malaria vector productivity in relation to the highland environment in Kenya, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.75, pp.448-453, 2006.

J. Lello, B. Boag, A. Fenton, I. R. Stevenson, and P. J. Hudson, Competition and mutualism among the gut helminths of a mammalian host, Nature, vol.428, pp.840-844, 2004.

V. O. Ezenwa, M. S. Godsey, R. J. King, and S. C. Guptill, Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk, Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol.273, pp.109-117, 2006.

F. Keesing, R. D. Holt, and R. S. Ostfeld, Effects of species diversity on disease risk, Ecology Letters, vol.9, pp.485-498, 2006.

K. Pope, P. Masuoka, E. Rejmankova, J. Grieco, and S. Johnson, Mosquito habitats, land use, and malaria risk in Belize from satellite imagery, Ecological Applications, vol.15, pp.1223-1232, 2005.

A. Dobson, K. D. Lafferty, A. M. Kuris, R. F. Hechinger, and W. Jetz, Homage to Linnaeus: How many parasites? How many hosts?, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.105, pp.11482-11489, 2008.

P. Lindenfors, C. L. Nunn, K. E. Jones, A. A. Cunningham, and W. Sechrest, Parasite species richness in carnivores: effects of host body mass, latitude, geographical range and population density, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.16, pp.496-509, 2007.

D. R. Strong and D. A. Levin, Species richness of parasitic fungi of British trees, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.72, pp.2116-2119, 1975.

E. W. Seabloom, E. T. Borer, C. E. Mitchell, and A. G. Power, Viral diversity and prevalence gradients in North American Pacific Coast grasslands, Ecology, vol.91, pp.721-732, 2010.

K. E. Nelson, G. M. Weinstock, S. K. Highlander, K. C. Worley, and H. H. Creasy, A Catalog of Reference Genomes from the Human Microbiome, Science, vol.328, pp.994-999, 2010.

A. Khoruts, J. Dicksved, J. K. Jansson, and M. J. Sadowsky, Changes in the Composition of the Human Fecal Microbiome After Bacteriotherapy for Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, vol.44, pp.354-360, 2010.

W. A. Miller and L. Rasochova, Barley yellow dwarf viruses, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.35, pp.167-190, 1997.

M. E. Hood, Dynamics of multiple infection and within-host competition by the anther-smut pathogen, American Naturalist, vol.162, pp.122-133, 2003.

R. B. Lal, D. Rudolph, M. P. Alpers, A. J. Sulzer, and Y. P. Shi, Immunologic cross-reactivity between structural proteins of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, vol.1, pp.5-10, 1994.

S. M. Kamal, L. Bianchi, A. Tawil, A. Koziel, M. Khalifa et al., Specific cellular immune response and cytokine patterns in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.184, pp.972-982, 2001.

S. M. Kamal, J. W. Rasenack, L. Bianchi, A. Tawil, A. Khalifa et al., Acute hepatitis C without and with schistosomiasis: Correlation with hepatitis Cspecific CD4(+) T-cell and cytokine response, Gastroenterology, vol.121, pp.646-656, 2001.

S. Tirado and K. J. Yoon, Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease, Viral Immunology, vol.16, pp.69-86, 2003.

A. G. Power, Competition between viruses in a complex plant-pathogen, Ecology, vol.77, pp.1004-1010, 1996.

A. Dove and T. H. Cribb, Species accumulation curves and their applications in parasite ecology, Trends in Parasitology, vol.22, pp.568-574, 2006.

J. M. Chase, Drought mediates the importance of stochastic community assembly, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.104, pp.17430-17434, 2007.

W. S. Harpole and D. Tilman, Non-neutral patterns of species abundance in grassland communities, Ecology Letters, vol.9, pp.15-23, 2006.

C. D. Harvell, C. E. Mitchell, J. R. Ward, S. Altizer, and A. P. Dobson, Ecology -Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota, Science, vol.296, pp.2158-2162, 2002.

K. Laneri, A. Bhadra, E. L. Ionides, M. Bouma, and R. C. Dhiman, Forcing Versus Feedback: Epidemic Malaria and Monsoon Rains in Northwest India, Plos Computational Biology, vol.6, 2010.

E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, C. E. Mitchell, and A. G. Power, Local context drives infection of grasses by vector-borne generalist viruses, Ecology Letters, vol.13, pp.810-818, 2010.

K. Logiudice, R. S. Ostfeld, K. A. Schmidt, and F. Keesing, The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.100, pp.567-571, 2003.

G. S. Cumming and J. F. Guegan, Food webs and disease: Is pathogen diversity limited by vector diversity, Ecohealth, vol.3, pp.163-170, 2006.

A. Dobson, I. Cattadori, R. D. Holt, R. S. Ostfeld, and F. Keesing, Sacred Cows and Sympathetic Squirrels: The Importance of Biological Diversity to Human Health, Plos Medicine, vol.3, pp.714-718, 2006.

. Poulin-r-;-phylogeny, . Ecology, . The, . Of, . Communities-in et al., Ecological Monographs, vol.65, pp.283-302, 1995.

G. S. Hall, J. S. Peters, D. P. Little, and A. G. Power, Plant community diversity influences vector behaviour and Barley yellow dwarf virus population structure, Plant Pathology, vol.59, pp.1152-1158, 2010.

E. T. Borer, J. Antonovics, L. L. Kinkel, P. J. Hudson, and P. Daszak, Bridging taxonomic and disciplinary divides in infectious disease, 2011.

A. G. Power and C. E. Mitchell, Pathogen spillover in disease epidemics, American Naturalist, vol.164, pp.79-89, 2004.

C. E. Mitchell, D. Tilman, and J. V. Groth, Effects of grassland plant species diversity, abundance, and composition on foliar fungal disease, Ecology, vol.83, pp.1713-1726, 2002.

M. E. Irwin and J. M. Thresh, Epidemiology of Barley Yellow Dwarf -a study in ecological complexity, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.28, pp.393-424, 1990.

C. D'arcy, Symptomology and host range of Barley Yellow Dwarf, pp.9-28, 1995.

E. T. Borer, P. R. Hosseini, E. W. Seabloom, and A. P. Dobson, Pathogen-induced reversal of native dominance in a grassland community, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.104, pp.5473-5478, 2007.

C. M. Malmstrom, C. C. Hughes, L. A. Newton, and C. J. Stoner, Virus infection in remnant native bunchgrasses from invaded California grasslands, New Phytologist, vol.168, pp.217-230, 2005.

C. M. Malmstrom, A. J. Mccullough, H. A. Johnson, L. A. Newton, and E. T. Borer, Invasive annual grasses indirectly increase virus incidence in California native perennial bunchgrasses, Oecologia, vol.145, pp.153-164, 2005.

S. Halbert and D. Voegtlin, Biology and taxonomy of vectors of barley yellow dwarf viruses, pp.217-258, 1995.

W. F. Rochow, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus: Phenotypic Mixing and Vector Specificity, Science, vol.167, pp.875-878, 1970.

E. W. Seabloom, P. R. Hosseini, A. G. Power, and E. T. Borer, Diversity and Composition of Viral Communities: Coinfection of Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Viruses in California Grasslands, The American Naturalist, vol.173, pp.79-98, 2009.

E. W. Seabloom, J. W. Williams, D. Slayback, D. M. Stoms, and J. H. Viers, Human impacts, plant invasion, and imperiled, plant species in California, Ecological Applications, vol.16, pp.1338-1350, 2006.

E. T. Borer, V. T. Adams, G. A. Engler, A. L. Adams, and C. B. Schumann, Aphid fecundity and grassland invasion: invader life history is the key, Ecological Applications, vol.19, pp.1187-1196, 2009.

R. Development-core and . Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010.

M. J. Anderson, A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance, Austral Ecology, vol.26, pp.32-46, 2001.

P. Legendre and M. J. Anderson, Distance-based redundancy analysis: Testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments, Ecological Monographs, vol.69, pp.1-24, 1999.

B. H. Mcardle and M. J. Anderson, Fitting multivariate models to community data: A comment on distance-based redundancy analysis, Ecology, vol.82, pp.290-297, 2001.

M. J. Crawley, The R Book. West Sussex, vol.942, 2007.

N. Gaidet, A. Caron, J. Cappelle, G. S. Cumming, and G. Balanca, Understanding the ecological drivers of avian influenza virus infection in wildfowl: a continental-scale study across Africa, Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol.279, pp.1131-1141, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650694

Y. Yoshida-takashima, T. Nunoura, H. Kazama, T. Noguchi, and K. Inoue, Spatial Distribution of Viruses Associated with Planktonic and Attached Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Environments, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.78, pp.1311-1320, 2012.

S. Sacristan and F. Garcia-arenal, The evolution of virulence and pathogenicity in plant pathogen populations, Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.9, pp.369-384, 2008.

Z. Y. Zhang, Z. S. Lin, and Z. Y. Xin, Research progress in BYDV resistance genes derived from wheat and its wild relatives, Journal of Genetics and Genomics, vol.36, pp.567-573, 2009.

K. Kosova, J. Chrpova, and V. Sip, Recent advances in breeding of cereals for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus -A review, Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, vol.44, pp.1-10, 2008.

M. Scholz, B. Ruge-wehling, A. Habekuss, O. Schrader, and G. Pendinen, Ryd4 (Hb): a novel resistance gene introgressed from Hordeum bulbosum into barley and conferring complete and dominant resistance to the barley yellow dwarf virus, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.119, pp.837-849, 2009.

D. M. Tompkins, A. R. White, and M. Boots, Ecological replacement of native red squirrels by invasive greys driven by disease, Ecology Letters, vol.6, pp.189-196, 2003.

E. T. Borer, C. E. Mitchell, A. G. Power, and E. W. Seabloom, Consumers indirectly increase infection risk in grassland food webs, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.106, pp.503-506, 2009.

D. Tilman, J. Fargione, B. Wolff, D. Antonio, C. Dobson et al., Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change, Science, vol.292, pp.281-284, 2001.

P. M. Vitousek, J. D. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, and P. A. Matson, Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences, Ecological Applications, vol.7, pp.737-750, 1997.

P. M. Vitousek, H. A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, and J. M. Melillo, Human domination of Earth's ecosystems, Science, vol.277, pp.494-499, 1997.

J. Rockstrom, W. Steffen, K. Noone, A. Persson, and F. S. Chapin, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, vol.461, pp.472-475, 2009.

J. L. Clasen and J. J. Elser, The effect of host Chlorella NC64A carbon : phosphorus ratio on the production of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus-1, Freshwater Biology, vol.52, pp.112-122, 2007.

M. A. Beck and O. A. Levander, Host nutritional status and its effect on a viral pathogen, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.182, pp.93-96, 2000.

V. H. Smith, T. P. Jones, and M. S. Smith, Host nutrition and infectious disease: an ecological view, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.3, pp.268-274, 2005.

H. Hillebrand, D. S. Gruner, E. T. Borer, M. Bracken, and E. E. Cleland, Consumer versus resource control of producer diversity depends on ecosystem type and producer community structure, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.104, pp.10904-10909, 2007.

W. S. Harpole and D. Tilman, Grassland species loss resulting from reduced niche dimension, Nature, vol.446, pp.791-793, 2007.

J. P. Cronin, M. E. Welsh, M. G. Dekkers, S. T. Abercrombie, and C. E. Mitchell, Host physiological phenotype explains pathogen reservoir potential, Ecology Letters, vol.13, pp.1221-1232, 2010.

B. F. Allan, R. B. Langerhans, W. A. Ryberg, W. J. Landesman, and N. W. Griffin, Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States, Oecologia, vol.158, pp.699-708, 2009.

D. M. Rizzo and M. Garbelotto, Sudden oak death: endangering California and Oregon forest ecosystems, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.1, pp.197-204, 2003.

E. W. Seabloom, E. T. Borer, A. Jolles, and C. E. Mitchell, Direct and indirect effects of viral pathogens and the environment on invasive grass fecundity in Pacific Coast grasslands, Journal of Ecology, vol.97, pp.1264-1273, 2009.

F. Wen, R. M. Lister, and F. A. Fattouh, Cross-protection among strains of barley yellow dwarf virus, Journal of General Virology, vol.72, pp.791-799, 1991.

Z. Bentwich, A. Kalinkovich, Z. Weisman, G. Borkow, and N. Beyers, Can eradication of helminthic infections change the face of AIDS and tuberculosis, Immunology Today, vol.20, pp.485-487, 1999.

A. E. Jolles, V. O. Ezenwa, R. S. Etienne, W. C. Turner, and H. Olff, Interactions between macroparasites and microparasites drive infection patterns in freeranging African buffalo, Ecology, vol.89, pp.2239-2250, 2008.

L. H. Taylor, S. M. Latham, and M. Woolhouse, Risk factors for human disease emergence, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, vol.356, pp.983-989, 2001.

A. G. Power and A. S. Flecker, Virus specificity in disease systems: are species redundant?, The Importance of Species: Perspectives on Expendability and Triage, pp.330-346, 2003.

M. W. Service, AGRICULTURAL-DEVELOPMENT AND ARTHRO-POD-BORNE DISEASES -A REVIEW, Revista De Saude Publica, vol.25, pp.165-178, 1991.

T. Sota and M. Mogi, EFFECTIVENESS OF ZOOPROPHYLAXIS IN MALARIA CONTROL -A THEORETICAL INQUIRY, WITH A MODEL FOR MOSQUITO POPULATIONS WITH 2 BLOODMEAL HOSTS, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol.3, pp.337-345, 1989.