M. Amasheh, S. Andres, and S. Amasheh, Barrier effects of nutritional factors, Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol.1165, pp.267-73, 2009.

R. Badar-goffer, H. S. Bachelard, and P. G. Morris, Cerebral metabolism of acetate and glucose studied by 13C-n m r spectroscopy A technique for investigating metabolic compartmentation in the brain, Biochem J, vol.266, pp.133-142, 1990.

M. Bjerknes and H. Cheng, Gastrointestinal stem cells. II. Intestinal stem cells, Am J Physiol -Gastrointestin Liver Physiol, vol.289, pp.381-387, 2005.

F. Blachier, C. Boutry, and C. Bos, Metabolism and Functions of L-Glutamate in the Epithelial Cells of the Small and Large Intestines, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.90, pp.814-835, 2009.

F. Blachier, D. Vrillon, B. Sener, and A. , Arginine metabolism in rat enterocytes, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1092, pp.304-314, 1991.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02711320

Y. Boirie, Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia, Journal of Nutriton, vol.13, pp.717-740, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650535

F. Cetinbas, B. Yelken, and Z. Gulbas, Role of glutamine administration on cellular immunity after total parenteral nutrition enriched with glutamine in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, J Crit Care, vol.25, pp.661-662, 2010.

J. D. Cremin and S. E. Fleming, Glycolysis is a source of pyruvate for transamination of glutamine amino nitrogen in jejunal epithelial cells, Am J Physiol -Gastrointestin Liver Physiol, vol.272, pp.575-588, 1997.

R. Curi, C. J. Lagranha, and S. Q. Doi, Glutamine-dependent changes in gene expression and protein activity, Cell Biochem Funct, vol.23, pp.77-84, 2005.

L. Drozdowski and A. B. Thomson, Aging and the intestine, World J Gastroenterol, vol.12, pp.7578-84, 2006.

C. Dutta and E. C. Hadley, The significance of sarcopenia in old age, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.50, pp.1-4, 1995.

W. J. Evans, What is sarcopenia?, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.50, pp.5-8, 1995.

S. E. Fleming, K. L. Zambell, and M. D. Fitch, Glucose and glutamine provide similar proportions of energy to mucosal cells of rat small intestine, Am J Physiol -Gastrointestin Liver Physiol, vol.36, pp.968-978, 1997.

B. C. Fuchs and B. P. Bode, Stressing out over survival: glutamine as an apoptotic modulator, J Surg Res, vol.131, pp.26-40, 2006.

N. A. Hering and J. D. Schulzke, Therapeutic options to modulate barrier defects in inflammatory bowel disease, Dig Dis, vol.27, pp.450-454, 2009.

P. Hohn, H. Gabbert, and R. Wagner, Differentiation and aging of the rat intestinal mucosa. II. Morphological, enzyme histochemical and disc electrophoretic aspects of the aging of the small intestinal mucosa, Mech Ageing Dev, vol.7, pp.217-243, 1978.

Y. Kwon and B. A. Magnuson, Aging alters acute apoptotic response to azoxymethane in the colon of rats, Exp Gerontol, vol.42, pp.1154-61, 2007.

H. Lardy, B. Mouille, and M. Thomas, Enterocyte metabolism during early adaptation after extensive intestinal resection in a rat model, Surgery, vol.135, pp.649-56, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02682526

E. A. Mayer, B. D. Naliboff, and L. Chang, Stress and the gastrointestinal tract -V. Stress and irritable bowel syndrome, Am J Physiol -Gastrointestin Liver Physiol, vol.280, pp.519-524, 2001.

M. Mignon, A. M. Beaufrere, and L. Combaret, Does long-term intermittent treatment with glutamine improve the well-being of fed and fasted very old rats?, J Parenter Enter Nutr, vol.31, pp.456-62, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02668643

S. Mondello, D. Italiano, and M. S. Giacobbe, Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves immunological status in anorectic patients, Nutrition, vol.26, pp.677-81, 2010.

H. N. Munro, Adaptation of body protein metabolism in adult and aging man, Clin Nutr, vol.1, pp.95-108, 1982.

I. Papet, D. Dardevet, and C. Sornet, Acute phase protein levels and thymus, spleen and plasma protein synthesis rates differ in adult and old rats, J Nutr, vol.133, pp.215-224, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02679148

D. N. Proctor, P. Balagopal, and K. S. Nair, Age-related sarcopenia in humans is associated with reduced synthetic rates of specific muscle proteins, J Nutr, vol.128, pp.351-355, 1998.

P. J. Reeds, D. G. Burrin, and F. Jahoor, Enteral glutamate is almost completely metabolized in first pass by the gastrointestinal tract of infant pigs, Am J Physiol -Endocrinol Metab, vol.270, pp.413-418, 1996.

E. P. Rutten, M. P. Engelen, and E. F. Wouters, Metabolic effects of glutamine and glutamate ingestion in healthy subjects and in persons with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.83, pp.115-138, 2006.

J. D. Soderholm and M. H. Perdue, Stress and gastrointestinal tract. II. Stress and intestinal barrier function, Am J Physiol -Gastrointestin Liver Physiol, vol.280, pp.7-13, 2001.

A. F. Tannus, D. Darmaun, and D. F. Ribas, Glutamine supplementation does not improve protein synthesis rate by the jejunal mucosa of the malnourished rat, Nutr Res, vol.29, pp.596-601, 2009.

D. R. Thomas, Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia, Clin Nutr, vol.26, pp.389-99, 2007.

M. Vicario, C. Amat, and M. Rivero, Dietary glutamine affects mucosal functions in rats with mild DSSinduced colitis, J Nutr, vol.137, pp.1931-1938, 2007.

H. Vidal, B. Comte, and M. Beylot, Inhibition of glucose oxidation by vasoactive intestinal peptide in isolated rat enterocytes, J Biol Chem, vol.263, pp.9206-9217, 1988.

E. Volpi, R. Nazemi, and S. Fujita, Muscle tissue changes with aging, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, vol.7, pp.405-415, 2004.

S. Walrand, K. R. Short, and M. L. Bigelow, Functional impact of high protein intake on healthy elderly people, Am J Physiol -Endocrinol Metab, vol.295, pp.921-928, 2008.

P. E. Wischmeyer, Clinical applications of L-glutamine: past, present, and future, Nutr Clin Pract, vol.18, pp.377-85, 2003.

S. L. Yeh, Y. N. Lai, and H. F. Shang, Effects of glutamine supplementation on innate immune response in rats with gut-derived sepsis, Br J Nutr, vol.91, pp.423-432, 2004.

T. T. Yoshikawa, Aging and infectious diseases: state of the art, Gerontology, vol.30, pp.275-283, 1984.

V. R. Young, Protein and amino acid metabolism with reference to aging and the elderly, Alan R Liss, pp.279-300, 1990.