. Anonymous, implementing Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards requirements for the use of specific control methods in the framework of the national programmes for the control of Salmonella in poultry (Text with EEA relevance), Journal officiel de l'Union européenne, vol.212, pp.3-5, 2006.

. Anonymous and . Efsa, The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in the European Union, The EFSA Journal, 1496.

E. Allen-vercoe, A. R. Sayers, and M. J. Woodward, Virulence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis aflagellate and afimbriate mutants in a day-old chick model, Epidemiol Infect, vol.122, pp.395-402, 1999.

E. Allen-vercoe and M. J. Woodward, The role of flagella, but not fimbriae, in the adherence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis to chick gut explant, J Med Microbiol, vol.48, pp.771-780, 1999.

J. D. Barak, L. Gorski, P. Naraghi-arani, and A. O. Charkowski, Salmonella enterica virulence genes are required for bacterial attachment to plant tissue, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.71, pp.5685-5691, 2005.

J. D. Barak, C. E. Jahn, D. L. Gibson, and A. O. Charkowski, The role of cellulose and O-antigen capsule in the colonization of plants by Salmonella enterica, Mol Plant Microbe Interact, vol.20, pp.1083-1091, 2007.

P. Barrow, M. A. Jones, A. L. Smith, and P. Wigley, The long view: Salmonella -the last forty years, Avian Pathol, vol.41, pp.413-420, 2012.

S. Baucheron, C. Mouline, K. Praud, E. Chaslus-dancla, and A. Cloeckaert, TolC but not AcrB is essential for multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium colonization of chicks, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.55, pp.707-712, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02676614

K. F. Bayston and J. Cohen, Bacterial endotoxin and current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of endotoxaemia, J Med Microbiol, vol.31, pp.73-83, 1990.

R. K. Beal, C. Powers, T. F. Davison, P. A. Barrow, and A. L. Smith, Clearance of enteric Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in chickens is independent of B-cell function, Infect Immun, vol.74, pp.1442-1444, 2006.

R. K. Beal and A. L. Smith, Antibody response to Salmonella: its induction and role in protection against avian enteric salmonellosis, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, vol.5, pp.873-881, 2007.

C. Beaumont, H. Chapuis, J. Protais, N. Sellier, P. Menanteau et al., Resistance to Salmonella carrier state: selection may be efficient but response depends on animal's age, Genet Res (Camb), vol.91, pp.161-169, 2009.

C. Beaumont, J. Protais, J. F. Guillot, P. Colin, and K. Proux, Genetic resistance to mortality of day-old chicks and carrier-state of hens after inoculation with Salmonella Enteritidis, Avian Pathol, vol.28, pp.131-135, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02769422

C. N. Berger, D. J. Brown, R. K. Shaw, F. Minuzzi, B. Feys et al., Salmonella enterica strains belonging to O serogroup 1,3,19 induce chlorosis and wilting of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, Environ Microbiol, vol.13, pp.1299-1308, 2011.

F. Berthelot-hérault, F. Mompart, M. S. Zygmunt, G. Dubray, and M. Duchet-suchaux, Antibody responses in the serum and gut of chicken lines differing in cecal carriage of Salmonella Enteritidis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, vol.96, pp.43-52, 2003.

F. Berthelot, C. Beaumont, F. Mompart, O. Girard-santosuosso, P. Pardon et al., Estimated heritability of the resistance to cecal carrier state of Salmonella Enteritidis in chickens, Poult Sci, vol.77, pp.797-801, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02695363

L. R. Beuchat and J. H. Ryu, Produce handling and processing practices, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.3, pp.459-465, 1997.

L. Bohez, R. Ducatelle, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck, and F. Van-immerseel, Long-term colonisation-inhibition studies to protect broilers against colonisation with Salmonella Enteritidis, using Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 and 2 mutants, Vaccine, vol.25, pp.4235-4243, 2007.

A. Boyd, V. J. Philbin, and A. L. Smith, Conserved and distinct aspects of the avian Toll-like receptor (TLR) system: implications for transmission and control of bird-borne zoonoses, Biochem Soc Trans, vol.35, pp.1504-1507, 2007.

N. Bumstead and P. A. Barrow, Genetics of resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium in newly hatched chicks, Br Poult Sci, vol.29, pp.521-529, 1988.

N. Castillo, G. Perdigon, and A. De-moreno-de-leblanc, Oral administration of a probiotic Lactobacillus modulates cytokine production and TLR expression improving the immune response against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice, BMC Microbiol, vol.3, p.177, 2011.

A. M. Chausse, O. Grepinet, E. Bottreau, L. Vern, Y. Menanteau et al., Expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and downstream effectors in selected cecal cell subpopulations of chicks resistant or susceptible to Salmonella carrier state, Infect Immun, vol.79, pp.3445-3454, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02646698

M. B. Cooley, W. G. Miller, and R. E. Mandrell, Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana with Salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and competition by Enterobacter asburiae, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.69, pp.4915-4926, 2003.

C. Derache, E. Esnault, C. Bonsergent, L. Vern, Y. Quere et al., Differential modulation of beta-defensin gene expression by Salmonella Enteritidis in intestinal epithelial cells from resistant and susceptible chicken inbred lines, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.33, pp.959-966, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02664930

M. Duchet-suchaux, P. Lechopier, J. Marly, P. Bernardet, R. Delaunay et al., Quantification of experimental Salmonella Enteritidis carrier state in B13 leghorn chicks, Avian Dis, vol.39, pp.796-803, 1995.

M. Duchet-suchaux, F. Mompart, F. Berthelot, C. Beaumont, P. Lechopier et al., Differences in frequency, level, and duration of cecal carriage between four outbred chicken lines infected orally with Salmonella Enteritidis, Avian Dis, vol.41, pp.559-567, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02688300

Y. Fardini, K. Chettab, O. Grepinet, S. Rochereau, J. Trotereau et al., The YfgL lipoprotein is essential for Type III secretion system expression and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Infect Immun, vol.75, pp.358-370, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02659691

Y. Fardini, J. Trotereau, E. Bottreau, C. Souchard, P. Velge et al., Investigation of the role of the BAM complex and SurA chaperone in outer-membrane protein biogenesis and type III secretion system expression in Salmonella, Microbiology, vol.155, pp.1613-1622, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02660389

O. Gal-mor, L. Valinsky, M. Weinberger, S. Guy, J. Jaffe et al., Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, Israel. Emerg Infect Dis, 2010.

I. Gantois, R. Ducatelle, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck, and F. Van-immerseel, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis genes induced during oviduct colonization and egg contamination in laying hens, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.74, pp.6616-6622, 2008.

M. S. Gibson, M. Fife, S. Bird, N. Salmon, and P. Kaiser, Identification, cloning, and functional characterization of the IL-1 receptor antagonist in the chicken reveal important differences between the chicken and mammals, J Immunol, vol.189, pp.539-550, 2012.

M. S. Gibson, N. Salmon, S. Bird, P. Kaiser, and M. Fife, Identification, cloning and characterisation of interleukin-1F5 (IL-36RN) in the chicken, Dev Comp Immunol, vol.38, pp.136-147, 2012.

D. Golberg, Y. Kroupitski, E. Belausov, R. Pinto, and S. Sela, Salmonella Typhimurium internalization is variable in leafy vegetables and fresh herbs, Int J Food Microbiol, vol.145, pp.250-257, 2011.

C. S. Impey, G. C. Mead, and S. M. George, Competitive exclusion of Salmonellas from the chick caecum using a defined mixture of bacterial isolates from the caecal microflora of an adult bird, J Hyg, vol.89, pp.479-490, 1982.

J. Jungk and J. Baumbach, Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items -United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol.57, pp.929-934, 2008.

Y. Kroupitski, D. Golberg, E. Belausov, R. Pinto, D. Swartzberg et al., Internalization of Salmonella enterica in leaves is induced by light and involves chemotaxis and penetration through open stomata, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.75, pp.6076-6086, 2009.

J. P. Lafont, A. Bree, M. Naciri, P. Yvore, J. F. Guillot et al., Experimental study of some factors limiting 'competitive exclusion' of Salmonella in chickens, Res Vet Sci, vol.34, pp.16-20, 1983.

A. Lahuerta, T. Westrell, J. Takkinen, F. Boelaert, V. Rizzi et al., Zoonoses in the European Union: origin, distribution and dynamicsthe EFSA-ECDC summary report, Euro Surveill, vol.16, 2009.

P. Mastroeni, J. A. Chabalgoity, S. J. Dunstan, D. J. Maskell, and G. Dougan, Salmonella: immune responses and vaccines, Vet J, vol.161, pp.132-164, 2001.

G. C. Mead, Prospects for 'competitive exclusion' treatment to control Salmonellas and other foodborne pathogens in poultry, Vet J, vol.159, pp.111-123, 2000.

E. Morgan, J. D. Campbell, S. C. Rowe, J. Bispham, M. P. Stevens et al., Identification of host-specific colonization factors of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Mol Microbiol, vol.54, pp.994-1010, 2004.

S. A. Munnoch, K. Ward, S. Sheridan, G. J. Fitzsimmons, C. T. Shadbolt et al., A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul in Australia associated with cantaloupe consumption, Epidemiol Infect, vol.137, pp.367-374, 2009.

E. Nurmi and M. Rantala, New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production, Nature, vol.241, pp.210-211, 1973.

T. Pang, M. M. Levine, B. Ivanoff, J. Wain, and B. B. Finlay, Typhoid fever--important issues still remain, Trends Microbiol, vol.6, pp.131-133, 1998.

J. Protais, P. Colin, C. Beaumont, J. F. Guillot, F. Lantier et al., Line differences in resistance to Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 infection, Br Poult Sci, vol.37, pp.329-339, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02692027

M. Rosselin, N. Abed, I. Virlogeux-payant, E. Bottreau, P. Y. Sizaret et al., Heterogeneity of T3SS-1-independent entry mechanisms used by Salmonella Enteritidis to invade different cell types, Microbiology, vol.157, pp.839-847, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02647037

M. Rosselin, I. Virlogeux-payant, C. Roy, E. Bottreau, P. Sizaret et al., Rck of Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis, mediates Zipper-like internalization, Cell Res, vol.20, pp.647-664, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496285

J. Sadeyen, J. Trotereau, J. Protais, C. Beaumont, N. Sellier et al., Salmonella carrier-state in hens: study of host resistance by a gene expression approach, Microbes and Infection, vol.8, pp.1308-1314, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02659953

J. Sadeyen, J. Trotereau, P. Velge, J. Marly, C. Beaumont et al., Salmonella carrier state in chicken: comparison of expression of immune response genes between susceptible and resistant animals, Microbes and Infection, vol.6, pp.1278-1286, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02683346

A. Schikora, A. Carreri, E. Charpentier, and H. Hirt, The dark side of the salad: Salmonella Typhimurium overcomes the innate immune response of Arabidopsis thaliana and shows an endopathogenic lifestyle, PLoS ONE, vol.3, 2008.

A. Schikora, I. Virlogeux-payant, E. Bueso, A. V. Garcia, T. Nilau et al., Conservation of Salmonella infection mechanisms in plants and animals, PLoS One, vol.6, p.24112, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02648976

A. Setta, P. A. Barrow, P. Kaiser, and M. A. Jones, Immune dynamics following infection of avian macrophages and epithelial cells with typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars, 2012.

, bacterial invasion and persistence, nitric oxide and oxygen production, differential host gene expression, NF-kappaB signalling and cell cytotoxicity, Vet Immunol Immunopathol, vol.146, pp.212-224

A. M. Setta, P. A. Barrow, P. Kaiser, and M. A. Jones, Early immune dynamics following infection with Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Infantis, Pullorum and Gallinarum: cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile and cellular changes of chicken cecal tonsils, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.35, pp.397-410, 2012.

J. E. Shea, M. Hensel, C. Gleeson, and D. W. Holden, Identification of a virulence locus encoding a second type III secretion system in Salmonella Typhimurium, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.93, pp.2593-2597, 1996.

N. Shirron and S. Yaron, Active suppression of early immune response in tobacco by the human pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium, PLoS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

C. L. Swaggerty, P. Kaiser, L. Rothwell, I. Y. Pevzner, and M. H. Kogut, Heterophil cytokine mRNA profiles from genetically distinct lines of chickens with differential heterophil-mediated innate immune responses, Avian Pathol, vol.35, pp.102-108, 2006.

J. Takkinen, U. M. Nakari, T. Johansson, T. Niskanen, A. Siitonen et al., A nationwide outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium in Finland due to contaminated lettuce from Spain, Euro Surveill, vol.10, p.50631, 2005.

E. Taylor, J. Kastner, and D. Renter, Challenges involved in the Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak and lessons learned, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, vol.16, pp.221-231, 2010.

T. Thanh-son, B. Catherine, S. Nigel, F. Mark, K. Pete et al., A maximum likelihood QTL analysis reveals common genome regions controlling resistance to Salmonella colonization and carrier-state, BMC Genomics, vol.13, 0198.

A. K. Turner, M. A. Lovell, S. D. Hulme, L. Zhang-barber, and P. A. Barrow, Identification of Salmonella Typhimurium genes required for colonization of the chicken alimentary tract and for virulence in newly hatched chicks, Infect Immun, vol.66, pp.2099-2106, 1998.

S. Ustun, P. Muller, R. Palmisano, M. Hensel, and F. Bornke, SseF, a type III effector protein from the mammalian pathogen Salmonella enterica, requires resistance-gene-mediated signalling to activate cell death in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, New Phytol, vol.194, pp.1046-1060, 2012.

F. Van-immerseel, U. Methner, I. Rychlik, B. Nagy, P. Velge et al., Vaccination and early protection against non-host-specific Salmonella serotypes in poultry: exploitation of innate immunity and microbial activity, Epidemiol Infect, vol.133, pp.959-978, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02671200

P. Velge, A. Cloeckaert, and P. Barrow, Emergence of Salmonella epidemics: the problems related to Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and multiple antibiotic resistance in other major serotypes, Vet Res, vol.36, pp.267-288, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02676418

P. Velge, A. Wiedemann, M. Rosselin, N. Abed, Z. Boumart et al., Multiplicity of Salmonella entry mechanisms, vol.1, pp.243-258, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02649149

I. Virlogeux-payant, S. Baucheron, J. Pelet, J. Trotereau, E. Bottreau et al., TolC, but not AcrB, is involved in the invasiveness of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by increasing type III secretion system-1 expression, Int J Med Microbiol, vol.298, pp.561-569, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02656872

I. Virlogeux-payant, F. Mompart, P. Velge, E. Bottreau, and P. Pardon, Low persistence of a large-plasmid-cured variant of Salmonella Enteritidis in ceca of chicks, Avian Dis, vol.47, pp.163-168, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02675683

P. Wigley, S. Hulme, L. Rothwell, N. Bumstead, P. Kaiser et al., Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokines and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge, Infect Immun, vol.74, pp.1425-1430, 2006.