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              <p>Implication of mitochondria in muscular biology: a key role during early development, growth and muscular atrophy. Mitochondria are implicated in the regulation of biological process controlling development, growth and muscle properties in farm animals, as well as sarcopenia during aging in humans. Recent results obtained at INRA on these aspects are reviewed in this paper. First, the relationship between oxidative metabolism, mitochondria density and muscle contractile type is confirmed, and the specificity of mitochondria properties according to myosin isotypes is demonstrated. Contribution of mitochondria to the acquisition of muscle contractile types and to myoblast differentiation, through the mitochondria-nuclear cross-talk, is described, and the key roles of c-Myc, Calcineurine and myogenin in this process is clearly established. The involvement of the direct T3 mitochondrial pathway in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity is confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. No clear relation is found between mitochondrial activity and the amount of intramuscular fat, a key component of meat quality. In fact, muscle lipid content appears to be more related to intra-muscular adipocyte differentiation and lipid turnover rate than to any metabolic pathway. We also show in pigs and chickens that uncoupling proteins, UCP2, UCP3 and avUCP are differentially regulated in the muscle, but it is still difficult to conclude on their physiological roles. UCP3 and avUCP are clearly implicated in the thermogenic effect of T3 and probably play a role in the control of basal metabolism, whereas avUCP can be seen as a key metabolic sensor in the chicken because its expression is modified by cold or warm exposure and correlated to the intensity of lipid metabolism. Finally, mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production increases during healthy aging but has no short-term effect on muscle aging (sarcopenia). In fact, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions and alteration of the expression of mitochondrial or nuclear genes are only observed in very old patients (older than 80). However, sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to calcium clearly increases with aging, a process that could contribute to the reduction of aged muscle resistance to stress and to the development of apoptosis.</p>
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              <p>Cette synthèse concerne les recherches récemment effectuées à l’INRA sur le rôle des mitochondries dans la régulation du développement, de la croissance et des propriétés du muscle des animaux d’élevage et dans le déterminisme de la fonte musculaire au cours du vieillissement chez l’homme. La relation entre activité mitochondriale et développement musculaire a été confirmée. Au-delà de la relation entre métabolisme oxydatif, densité mitochondriale et type contractile des fibres, nous montrons que les caractéristiques intrinsèques des organites diffèrent en fonction des isoformes de myosine présentes. Les mitochondries participent à la définition du type contractile et à la différenciation des myoblastes, via le dialogue mitochondries-noyau auquel participent trois gènes cibles majeurs de l’organite : c-Myc (répresseur), Calcineurine et myogénine (stimulateurs). L’importance de la voie d’action mitochondriale de la T3 pour la régulation de la itochondriogenèse et de l’activité de l’organite est confirmée à la fois in vitro et in vivo. Aucune relation claire n’a été mise en évidence entre la quantité de lipides intramusculaires (LIM), un déterminant important de la qualité des viandes, et l’activité mitochondriale. La teneur en LIM semble davantage corrélée avec la différenciation des adipocytes intramusculaires et l’importance des flux de lipides dans le muscle qu’avec une voie métabolique particulière. Les protéines découplantes, UCP2, UCP3 (chez le porc) et avUCP (chez le poulet) sont régulées différemment mais il reste difficile de conclure sur leur rôle physiologique. UCP3 et avUCPs sont des effecteurs importants de l’effet thermogénique de la T3 et pourraient jouer un rôle dans le contrôle du métabolisme basal, tandis qu’avUCP semble être un régulateur métabolique majeur chez le poulet. Les travaux concernant l’activité mitochondriale en relation avec le vieillissement ont produit un certain nombre de résultats divergents par rapport à la littérature : absence d’accumulation de délétions de l’ADN mitochondrial et d’altération de l’expression de gènes mitochondriaux ou nucléaires avant un âge très avancé. Pourtant, la production mitochondriale d’H2O2 augmente avec l’âge et le vieillissement accroît la sensibilité de la respiration mitochondriale au calcium, deux phénomènes susceptibles de participer à l’induction « facilitée » d’une mort cellulaire. En conclusion, que ce soit chez l’animal ou l’homme, les mitochondries musculaires participent à de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques en liaison avec leurs différentes activités biologiques.</p>
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