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                <term xml:lang="en">ACIDES GRAS POLYINSATURES</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">PERINATAL PERIOD</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">AGING</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">BEHAVIOR</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">NEUROGENESE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">CERVEAU</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">PÉRIODE PÉRINATALE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">NEUROPROTECTION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">NEUROINFLAMMATION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">COMPORTEMENT</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ACTIVITÉ NEURONALE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">BRAIN</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">NEUROGENESIS</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">NEURONAL ACTIVITY</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">VIEILLISSEMENT</term>
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              <p>Studies of animals fed diets with different proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have identified dietary requirements for maintaining optimal brain function and membrane PUFA composition. In addition, these studies have shown that metabolic, functional and behavioral changes can arise from long-term n-3 PUFA dietary deprivation. Clinical studies also have revealed that a low dietary consumption of n-3 PUFAs or a low plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) concentration is correlated with a number of brain diseases, and with cognitive or behavioral defects during early development and aging. Most of the DHA accumulates in the brain during the perinatal period (development and lactation). Sufficient evidence is available to conclude that maternal fatty acid nutrition is important to DHA transfer to the infant before and after birth, with short and long-term implications for neural function. Although the molecular mechanism of DHA remains unclear, more and more data demonstrate its role in various cellular activities contributing to regulation of neuronal functions. As fundamental components of membrane phospholipids, PUFAs modulate activity of enzymes, transporters and receptors. They also are precursors of lipid mediators involved in signaling pathways and neuroinflammatory processes. As natural ligands of nuclear receptors, they participate in regulation of numerous genes, implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism.</p>
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              <p>Les acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) sont nécessaires au fonctionnement optimal du cerveau. Une carence alimentaire qui modifie la composition membranaire notamment en AGPIn-3 (ou oméga3) est source de dysfonctionnement au niveau métabolique, physiologique et comportemental. Les études cliniques ont également permis d’établir qu’une faible consommation d’AGPIn-3 ou un faible taux plasmatique d’acide docosahéxaénoïque (DHA, 22 :6n-3) est associé à de troubles cognitifs et comportementaux à la fois au cours du développement et chez la personne âgée. L’accumulation et l’incorporation du DHA dans le cerveau ont lieu principalement pendant la période périnatale au moment de la mise en place des réseaux neuronaux. Si les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires ne sont pas encore bien compris, les données de plus en plus nombreuses rendent compte d’actions multiples. En tant que constituants fondamentaux des membranes, les AGPI sont susceptibles de jouer sur leurs propriétés physico-chimiques et donc sur les protéines qui y sont enserrées. En tant que précurseurs de médiateurs lipidiques, ils interviennent dans de nombreux processus de régulation et notamment dans l’inflammation. Ils sont aussi les ligands de récepteurs nucléaires et à ce titre participent à la régulation de gènes impliqués notamment dans le métabolisme lipidique et glucidique.</p>
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