Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism
Pietro D Spanu
(1)
,
James C Abbott
(1)
,
Joelle J. Amselem
(2)
,
Timothy A. Burgis
(1)
,
Darren M Soanes
(3)
,
Kurt Stueber
(4)
,
Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat
(4)
,
James K.M Brown
(5)
,
Sarah A Butcher
(1)
,
Sarah J Gurr
(6)
,
Marc-Henri M.-H. Lebrun
(2)
,
Christopher J Ridout
(5)
,
Paul Schulze-Lefert
(4)
,
Nicolas J. Talbot
(7)
,
Nahal Ahmadinejad
(4)
,
Christian Ametz
(8)
,
Geraint R Barton
(8)
,
Mariam Benjdia
(4)
,
Przemyslaw Bidzinski
(4)
,
Laurence V Bindschedler
(9)
,
Maike Both
(8)
,
Marin T Brewer
(10)
,
Lance Cadle-Davidson
(11, 10)
,
Molly M Cadle-Davidson
(11)
,
Jérôme Collemare
(12, 13)
,
Raimer Cramer
(9)
,
Omer Frenkel
(10)
,
Dale Godfrey
(14)
,
James J. Harriman
(11)
,
Claire Hoede
(15)
,
Brian C. King
(10)
,
Sven Klages
(16)
,
Jochen) Kleemann
(4)
,
Daniela Knoll
(4)
,
Prasanna S Kotis
(4)
,
Jonathan J. Kreplak
(15)
,
Francisco J Lopez-Ruiz
(5)
,
Xunli Lu
(4)
,
Takaki Maekawa
(4)
,
Siraprapa Mahanil
(11)
,
Cristina Micali
(4)
,
Michael G Milgroom
(10)
,
Giovanni Montana
(8)
,
Sandra Noir
(4)
,
Richard O'Connell
(4)
,
Simone Oberhaensli
(17)
,
Francis Parlange
(17)
,
Carsten Pedersen
(14)
,
Hadi Quesneville
(15)
,
Richard Reinhardt
(16)
,
Matthias Rott
(4)
,
Soledad Sacristán
(18)
,
Sarah M Schmidt
(4)
,
Moritz Schoen
(4)
,
Pari Skamnioti
(6)
,
Hans Sommer
(4)
,
Amber Stephens
(4)
,
Hiroyuki Takahara
(4)
,
Hans Thordal-Christensen
(14)
,
Marielle Vigouroux
(6)
,
Ralf Wessling
(4)
,
Thomas Wicker
(17)
,
Ralf Panstruga
(4)
1
Imperial College London
2 BIOGER - BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture
3 University of Exeter
4 MPIPZ - Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research
5 John Innes Centre [Norwich]
6 University of Oxford
7 Sch Biosci
8 Dept Life Sci
9 UOR - University of Reading
10 Dept Plant Pathol & Plant Microbe Biol
11 Grape Genet Res Unit
12 MAP - Microbiologie, adaptation et pathogénie
13 INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
14 UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet
15 URGI - Unité de Recherche Génomique Info
16 MPI-MP - Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
17 Inst Plant Biol
18 UPM - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
2 BIOGER - BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture
3 University of Exeter
4 MPIPZ - Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research
5 John Innes Centre [Norwich]
6 University of Oxford
7 Sch Biosci
8 Dept Life Sci
9 UOR - University of Reading
10 Dept Plant Pathol & Plant Microbe Biol
11 Grape Genet Res Unit
12 MAP - Microbiologie, adaptation et pathogénie
13 INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
14 UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet
15 URGI - Unité de Recherche Génomique Info
16 MPI-MP - Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
17 Inst Plant Biol
18 UPM - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Claire Hoede
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 735957
- IdHAL : claire-hoede
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5054-7731
- IdRef : 150138237
Jonathan J. Kreplak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 753024
- IdHAL : jonathan-kreplak
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5563-1932
Richard O'Connell
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1206641
- IdHAL : richard-oconnell
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5358-6143
Hadi Quesneville
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 736048
- IdHAL : hadi-quesneville
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3001-4908
- IdRef : 137542860
Résumé
Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.