A. N. Andersen, L. Gianaroli, R. Felberbaum, J. De-mouzon, and K. G. Nygren, Results generated from European registers by ESHRE, Hum Reprod, vol.21, issue.7, pp.1680-1697, 2002.

B. Louis, G. M. Gray, L. E. Marcus, M. Ojeda, S. R. Pescovitz et al., Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs, Pediatrics, vol.121, issue.3, pp.192-207, 2008.

E. Carlsen, A. Giwercman, N. Keiding, and N. E. Skakkebaek, Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years, BMJ, vol.305, issue.6854, pp.609-613, 1992.

R. Cespedes, S. Lacorte, A. Ginebreda, and D. Barcelo, Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in sewage treatment plants and impact on receiving waters along the Ter River, Environ Pollut, vol.153, issue.2, pp.384-392, 2008.

I. J. Clarke, J. T. Smith, A. Caraty, R. L. Goodman, and M. N. Lehman, Kisspeptin and seasonality in sheep, Peptides, vol.30, issue.1, pp.154-163, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02660336

J. Clarkson and A. E. Herbison, Postnatal development of kisspeptin neurons in mouse hypothalamus; sexual dimorphism and projections to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, Endocrinology, vol.147, issue.12, pp.5817-5825, 2006.

T. Colborn, F. S. Vom-saal, and A. M. Soto, Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans, Environ Health Perspect, vol.101, pp.378-384, 1993.

J. L. Crawford, R. J. Currie, and A. S. Mcneilly, Replenishment of LH stores of gonadotrophs in relation to gene expression, synthesis and secretion of LH after the preovulatory phase of the sheep oestrous cycle, J Endocrinol, vol.167, issue.3, pp.453-463, 2000.

S. M. Dickerson and A. C. Gore, Estrogenic environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical effects on reproductive neuroendocrine function and dysfunction across the life cycle, Rev Endocr Metab Disord, vol.8, issue.2, pp.143-159, 2007.

H. W. Erhard, A. Boissy, M. T. Rae, and S. M. Rhind, Effects of prenatal undernutrition on emotional reactivity and cognitive flexibility in adult sheep, Behav Brain Res, vol.151, issue.1-2, pp.25-35, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02672663

S. Y. Euling, S. G. Selevan, O. H. Pescovitz, and N. E. Skakkebaek, Role of environmental factors in the timing of puberty, Pediatrics, vol.121, issue.3, pp.167-171, 2008.

M. F. Fernandez, B. Olmos, A. Granada, M. J. Lopez-espinosa, J. M. Molina-molina et al., Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study, Environ Health Perspect, vol.115, issue.1, pp.8-14, 2007.

P. A. Fowler, N. J. Dora, H. Mcferran, M. R. Amezaga, D. W. Miller et al., In utero exposure to low doses of environmental pollutants disrupts fetal ovarian development in sheep, Mol Hum Reprod, vol.14, issue.5, pp.269-280, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02666405

I. Franceschini, D. Lomet, M. Cateau, G. Delsol, Y. Tillet et al., Kisspeptin immunoreactive cells of the ovine preoptic area and arcuate nucleus co-express estrogen receptor alpha, Neurosci Lett, vol.401, issue.3, pp.225-230, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02755167

W. Giger, P. H. Brunner, and C. Schaffner, 4-Nonylphenol in sewage sludge: accumulation of toxic metabolites from nonionic surfactants, Science, vol.225, issue.4662, pp.623-625, 1984.

E. Gutierrez-pascual, A. J. Martinez-fuentes, L. Pinilla, M. Tena-sempere, M. M. Malagon et al., Direct pituitary effects of kisspeptin: activation of gonadotrophs and somato trophs and stimulation of luteinising hormone and growth hormone secretion, J Neuroendocrinol, vol.19, issue.7, pp.521-530, 2007.

S. K. Han, M. L. Gottsch, K. J. Lee, S. M. Popa, J. T. Smith et al., Activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by kisspeptin as a neuroendocrine switch for the onset of puberty, J Neurosci, vol.25, issue.49, pp.11349-11356, 2005.

A. Kortenkamp, Breast cancer, oestrogens and environmental pollutants: a re-evaluation from a mixture perspective, Int J Androl, vol.29, issue.1, pp.193-198, 2006.

A. Kortenkamp, Low dose mixture effects of endocrine disrupters: implications for risk assessment and epidemiology, Int J Androl, vol.31, issue.2, pp.233-240, 2008.

M. Kotani, M. Detheux, A. Vandenbogaerde, D. Communi, J. M. Vanderwinden et al., The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54, J Biol Chem, vol.276, issue.37, pp.34631-34636, 2001.

P. Langer, M. Tajtakova, G. Fodor, A. Kocan, P. Bohov et al., Increased thyroid volume and prevalence of thyroid disorders in an area heavily polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls, Eur J Endocrinol, vol.139, issue.4, pp.402-409, 1998.

A. S. Leong and J. Milios, Rapid immunoperoxidase staining of lymphocyte antigens using microwave irradiation, J Pathol, vol.148, issue.2, pp.183-187, 1986.

P. M. Lind, M. Gustafsson, S. A. Hermsen, S. Larsson, C. E. Kyle et al., Exposure to pastures fertilised with sewage sludge disrupts bone tissue homeostasis in sheep, Sci Total Environ, vol.407, issue.7, pp.2200-2208, 2009.

N. J. Maclusky and F. Naftolin, Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system, Science, vol.211, issue.4488, pp.1294-1302, 1981.

F. Massart, R. Parrino, P. Seppia, G. Federico, and G. Saggese, How do environmental estrogen disruptors induce precocious puberty?, Minerva Pediatr, vol.58, issue.3, pp.247-254, 2006.

P. Melamed, G. Gur, H. Rosenfeld, A. Elizur, and Z. Yaron, Possible interactions between gonadotrophs and somatotrophs in the pituitary of tilapia: apparent roles for insulin-like growth factor I and estradiol, Endocrinology, vol.140, issue.3, pp.1183-1191, 1999.

S. Messager, Kisspeptin and its receptor: new gatekeepers of puberty, J Neuroendocrinol, vol.17, issue.10, pp.687-688, 2005.

A. I. Muir, L. Chamberlain, N. A. Elshourbagy, D. Michalovich, D. J. Moore et al., AXOR12, a novel human G protein-coupled receptor, activated by the peptide KiSS-1, J Biol Chem, vol.276, issue.31, pp.28969-28975, 2001.

V. M. Navarro, J. M. Castellano, R. Fernandez-fernandez, M. L. Barreiro, J. Roa et al., Developmental and hormonally regulated messenger ribonucleic acid expression of KiSS-1 and its putative receptor, GPR54, in rat hypothalamus and potent luteinizing hormone-releasing activity of KiSS-1 peptide, Endocrinology, vol.145, issue.10, pp.4565-4574, 2004.

V. M. Navarro, J. M. Castellano, R. Fernandez-fernandez, S. Tovar, J. Roa et al., Effects of KiSS-1 peptide, the natural ligand of GPR54, on follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the rat, Endocrinology, vol.146, issue.4, pp.1689-1697, 2005.

V. M. Navarro, M. A. Sanchez-garrido, J. M. Castellano, J. Roa, D. Garcia-galiano et al., Persistent impairment of hypothalamic KiSS-1 system after exposures to estrogenic compounds at critical periods of brain sex differentiation, Endocrinology, vol.150, issue.5, pp.2359-2367, 2009.

V. M. Navarro and M. Tena-sempere, The KiSS-1/GPR54 system: putative target for endocrine disruption of reproduction at hypothalamic-pituitary unit?, Int J Androl, vol.31, issue.2, pp.224-232, 2008.

, Genbank Overview, p.30, 2009.

T. Ohtaki, Y. Shintani, S. Honda, H. Matsumoto, A. Hori et al., Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor, Nature, vol.411, issue.6837, pp.613-617, 2001.

I. A. Olesen, S. B. Sonne, C. E. Hoei-hansen, E. Rajpert-demeyts, and N. E. Skakkebaek, Environment, testicular dysgenesis and carcinoma in situ testis, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.21, issue.3, pp.462-478, 2007.

P. J. O'shaughnessy and L. Murphy, Cytochrome P-450 17 alpha-hydroxylase protein and mRNA in the testis of the testicular feminized (Tfm) mouse, J Mol Endocrinol, vol.11, issue.1, pp.77-82, 1993.

C. Paul, S. M. Rhind, C. E. Kyle, H. Scott, C. Mckinnell et al., Cellular and hormonal disruption of fetal testis development in sheep reared on pasture treated with sewage sludge, Environ Health Perspect, vol.113, pp.1580-1587, 2005.

M. Petrovic, M. Sole, M. J. Lopez-de-alda, and D. Barcelo, Endocrine disruptors in sewage treatment plants, receiving river waters, and sediments: integration of chemical analysis and biological effects on feral carp, Environ Toxicol Chem, vol.21, issue.10, pp.2146-2156, 2002.

N. Rajapakse, E. Silva, and A. Kortenkamp, Combining xenoestrogens at levels below individual no-observed-effect concentrations dramatically enhances steroid hormone action, Environ Health Perspect, vol.110, pp.917-921, 2002.

S. Reddy, C. R. Iden, and B. J. Brownawell, Analysis of steroid conjugates in sewage influent and effluent by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal Chem, vol.77, issue.21, pp.7032-7038, 2005.

R. W. Rhees, J. E. Shryne, and R. A. Gorski, Termination of the hormone-sensitive period for differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male and female rats, Brain Res Dev Brain Res, vol.52, issue.1-2, pp.17-23, 1990.

S. M. Rhind, Endocrine disrupting compounds and farm animals: their properties, actions and routes of exposure, Domest Anim Endocrinol, vol.23, issue.1-2, pp.179-187, 2002.

S. M. Rhind, Are endocrine disrupting compounds a threat to farm animal health, welfare and productivity?, Reprod Domest Anim, vol.40, issue.4, pp.282-290, 2005.

S. M. Rhind, M. T. Rae, and A. N. Brooks, Environmental influences on the fetus and neonate-timing, mechanisms of action and effects on subsequent adult function, Domest Anim Endocrinol, vol.25, issue.1, pp.3-11, 2003.

S. M. Rhind, A. Smith, C. E. Kyle, G. Telfer, G. Martin et al., Phthalate and alkyl phenol concentrations in soil following applications of inorganic fertiliser or sewage sludge to pasture and potential rates of ingestion by grazing ruminants, J Environ Monit, vol.4, issue.1, pp.142-148, 2002.

N. Richard, S. Corvaisier, E. Camacho, and M. L. Kottler, KiSS-1 and GPR54 at the pituitary level: overview and recent insights, Peptides, vol.30, issue.1, pp.123-129, 2009.

N. Richard, G. Galmiche, S. Corvaisier, A. Caraty, and M. L. Kottler, KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes are co-expressed in rat gonadotrophs and differentially regulated in vivo by oestradiol and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, J Neuroendocrinol, vol.20, issue.3, pp.381-393, 2008.

S. E. Rier, D. C. Martin, R. E. Bowman, and J. L. Becker, ? Environmental Health Perspectives of estrogenic toxicants, Environ Health Perspect, vol.117, issue.7, pp.151-156, 1995.

J. Roa, E. Aguilar, C. Dieguez, L. Pinilla, and M. Tena-sempere, New frontiers in kisspeptin/GPR54 physiology as fundamental gatekeepers of reproductive function, Front Neuroendocrinol, vol.29, issue.1, pp.48-69, 2008.

J. E. Robinson, R. A. Birch, J. A. Taylor, D. L. Foster, and V. Padmanabhan, In utero programming of sexually differentiated gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, 2002.

, Domest Anim Endocrinol, vol.23, issue.1-2, pp.43-52

S. H. Safe, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment, Crit Rev Toxicol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.87-149, 1994.

S. H. Safe, L. Pallaroni, K. Yoon, K. Gaido, R. S. Mcdonnell et al., Problems for risk assessment of endocrine-active estrogenic compounds, Environ Health Perspect, vol.110, issue.6, pp.925-929, 2002.

T. D. Schmittgen and K. J. Livak, Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method, Nat Protoc, vol.3, issue.6, pp.1101-1108, 2008.

S. B. Seminara, S. Messager, E. E. Chatzidaki, R. R. Thresher, J. S. Acierno et al., The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty, N Engl J Med, vol.349, issue.17, pp.1614-1627, 2003.

S. R. Shi, M. E. Key, and K. L. Kalra, Antigen retrieval in formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections, J Histochem Cytochem, vol.39, issue.6, pp.741-748, 1991.

N. E. Skakkebaek, N. Jorgensen, K. M. Main, E. Rajpert-de-meyts, H. Leffers et al., Is human fecundity declining?, Int J Androl, vol.29, issue.1, pp.2-11, 2006.

J. T. Smith, L. M. Coolen, L. J. Kriegsfeld, I. P. Sari, M. R. Jaafarzadehshirazi et al., Variation in kisspeptin and RFamiderelated peptide (RFRP) expression and terminal connections to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the brain: a novel medium for seasonal breeding in the sheep, Endocrinology, vol.149, issue.11, pp.5770-5782, 2008.

J. T. Smith, M. J. Cunningham, E. F. Rissman, D. K. Clifton, and R. A. Steiner, Regulation of Kiss1 gene expression in the brain of the female mouse, Endocrinology, vol.146, issue.9, pp.3686-3692, 2005.

J. T. Smith, H. M. Dungan, E. A. Stoll, M. L. Gottsch, R. E. Braun et al., Differential regulation of KiSS-1 mRNA expression by sex steroids in the brain of the male mouse, Endocrinology, vol.146, issue.7, pp.2976-2984, 2005.

J. T. Smith, A. Rao, A. Pereira, A. Caraty, R. P. Millar et al., Kisspeptin is present in ovine hypophysial portal blood but does not increase during the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge: evidence that gonadotropes are not direct targets of kisspeptin in vivo, Endocrinology, vol.149, issue.4, pp.1951-1959, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02667858

S. Smith, Agricultural Recycling of Sewage Sludge and the Environment, pp.207-236, 1995.

J. L. Stevens, G. L. Northcott, G. A. Stern, G. T. Tomy, and K. C. Jones, PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, organochlorine pesticides, synthetic musks, and polychlorinated n-alkanes in U.K. sewage sludge: survey results and implications, Environ Sci Technol, vol.37, issue.3, pp.462-467, 2003.

S. H. Swan, E. P. Elkin, and L. Fenster, The question of declining sperm density revisited: an analysis of 101 studies published 1934-1996, Environ Health Perspect, vol.108, pp.961-966, 2000.

D. Tilemans, M. Andries, and C. Denef, Luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone and neuropeptide Y influence deoxyribonucleic acid replication in three anterior pituitary cell types. Evidence for mediation by growth factors released from gonadotrophs, Endocrinology, vol.130, issue.2, pp.882-894, 1992.

J. Toppari, J. C. Larsen, P. Christiansen, A. Giwercman, P. Grandjean et al., Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens, Environ Health Perspect, vol.104, issue.4, pp.741-803, 1996.

, UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986.

M. F. Vine, L. Stein, K. Weigle, J. Schroeder, D. Degnan et al., Effects on the immune system associated with living near a pesticide dump site, Environ Health Perspect, vol.108, pp.1113-1124, 2000.

M. D. Webber and S. Lesage, Organic Contaminants in Canadian Municipal Sludges, Waste Manag Res, vol.7, pp.63-82, 1989.

W. V. Welshons, K. A. Thayer, B. M. Judy, J. A. Taylor, E. M. Curran et al., Large effects from small exposures. I. Mechanisms for endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity, Environ Health Perspect, vol.111, pp.994-1006, 2003.

C. M. Whitelaw, J. E. Robinson, G. B. Chambers, P. Hastie, V. Padmanabhan et al., Expression of mRNA for galanin, galanin-like peptide and galanin receptors 1-3 in the ovine hypothalamus and pituitary gland: effects of age and gender, Reproduction, vol.137, issue.1, pp.141-150, 2009.

E. Willingham, Endocrine-disrupting compounds and mixtures: unexpected dose-response, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.46, issue.2, pp.265-269, 2004.

V. S. Wilson, C. R. Blystone, A. K. Hotchkiss, C. V. Rider, and L. E. Gray, Diverse mechanisms of anti-androgen action: impact on male rat reproductive tract development, Int J Androl, vol.31, issue.2, pp.178-187, 2008.