H. A. Abdul-razzaq and R. Bickerstaffe, The influence of rumen volatile fatty acids on protein metabolism in growing lambs, Br. J. Nutr, vol.62, pp.297-310, 1989.

R. J. Barnes, R. S. Comline, and A. Dobson, The control of splanchnic blood flow. Page 41 in Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants, 1986.

E. N. Bergman and J. M. Pell, Integration of amino acid metabolism in the ruminant. Pages 613-628 in Herbivore Nutrition in the Subtropics and Tropics, 1984.

H. U. Bergmeyer, Ammonia determination. Page 454 in Methods of enzymatic analysis, 1985.

I. Bruckental, G. B. Huntington, C. K. Baer, and R. A. Erdman, The effect of abomasal infusion of casein and recombinant somatotropin hormone injection on nitrogen balance and amino acid fluxes in portal-drained viscera and net hepatic and total splanchnic blood in Holstein steers, J. Anim. Sci, vol.75, pp.1119-1129, 1997.

A. Connell, A. G. Calder, S. E. Anderson, and G. E. Lobley, Hepatic protein synthesis in the sheep: effect of intake as monitored by use of stable-isotope-labelled glycine, leucine and phenylalanine, Br. J. Nutr, vol.77, pp.255-271, 1997.

H. Devisser, H. Valk, A. Klop, J. Van-der-meulen, J. G. Bakker et al., Nutrient fluxes in splanchnic tissue of dairy cows: influence of grass quality, J. Dairy Sci, vol.80, pp.1666-1673, 1997.

C. L. Ferrell, K. K. Kreikemeier, and H. C. Freetly, The effect of supplemental energy, nitrogen, and protein on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen flux across the gut and liver in sheep fed low-quality forage, J. Anim. Sci, vol.77, pp.3353-3364, 1999.

C. L. Ferrell, H. C. Freetly, A. L. Goetsch, and K. K. Kreikemeier, The effect of dietary nitrogen and protein on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen flux across the portal-drained viscera and liver of sheep consuming high-concentrate diets ad libitum, J. Anim. Sci, vol.79, pp.1322-1328, 2001.

Y. Geay, D. Bauchart, J. F. Hocquette, and J. Culioli, Effect of nutritional factors on biochemical, structural and metabolic characteristics of muscles in ruminants, consequences on dietetic value and sensorial qualities of meat, Reprod. Nutr. Dev, vol.41, pp.1-26, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00900350

F. Guerino, G. B. Huntington, and R. A. Erdman, The net portal and hepatic flux of metabolites and oxygen consumption in growing beef steers given postruminal casein, J. Anim. Sci, vol.69, pp.387-395, 1991.

M. Halbawachs-strich, Dosage du glucose par la méthode de Bertrand. Page 125 in Analyse Quantitative Chimique, Masson et Cie, 1969.

P. M. Harris, P. A. Skene, V. Buchan, E. Milne, A. G. Calder et al., Effect of food intake on hind limb and whole-body protein metabolism in young growing sheep: chronic studies based on arterio-venous techniques, Br. J. Nutr, vol.68, pp.389-407, 1992.

G. B. Huntington and R. L. Prior, Net absorption of amino acids by portal drained viscera and hind half of beef cattle fed a high concentrate diet, J. Anim. Sci, vol.60, pp.1491-1499, 1985.

G. B. Huntington, E. J. Zetina, J. M. Whitt, and W. Potts, Effects of dietary concentrate level on nutrient absorption, liver metabolism, and urea kinetics of beef steers fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, J. Anim. Sci, vol.74, pp.908-916, 1996.

, Tableaux de la valeur nutritive des aliments. Page 519 in Alimentation des Ruminants, INRA Publications, 1978.

A. Isserty and I. Ortigues, Methods of analysis relating to blood flow measurement of the viscera and aorta in sheep. Reprod, Nutr. Dev, vol.34, pp.399-413, 1994.

J. P. Jouany, Volatile fatty acids and alcohol determination in digestive contents, silage juices, bacterial cultures and anaerobic fermentor contents, Sci. Alim, vol.2, pp.131-144, 1982.

M. Journet, G. Huntington, and J. L. Peyraud, Le bilan des produits terminaux de la digestion. Page 671 in Nutrition des Ruminants Domestiques, Ingestion et Digestion. R. Jarrige, Y. Ruckebush, C. Demarquilly, M. H. Farce, and M. Journet, 1995.

M. L. Katz and E. N. Bergman, A method for simultaneous cannulation of the major splanchnic blood vessels in sheep, Am. J. Vet. Res, vol.30, pp.655-660, 1969.

C. R. Krehbiel, D. L. Harmon, and J. E. Schneieder, Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate on portal and hepatic nutrient flux in steers, J. Anim. Sci, vol.70, pp.904-914, 1992.

C. R. Krehbiel, C. L. Ferrell, and H. C. Freetly, Effects of frequency of supplementation on dry matter intake and net portal and hepatic flux of nutrients in mature ewes that consume low-quality forage, J. Anim. Sci, vol.76, pp.2464-2473, 1998.

C. R. Krehbiel and C. L. Ferrell, Effects of increasing ruminally degraded nitrogen and abomasal casein infusion on net portal flux of nutrients in yearling heifers consuming a high-grain diet, J. Anim. Sci, vol.77, pp.1295-1305, 1999.

K. K. Kreikemeier, H. C. Freetly, and C. L. Ferrell, The effect of protein supplementation on portal and hepatic nitrogen metabolism in sheep, J. Anim. Sci, vol.71, p.82, 1993.

H. Lapierre, J. F. Bernier, P. Dubreuil, C. K. Reynolds, C. Farmer et al., The effect of feed intake level on splanchnic metabolism in growing beef steers, J. Anim. Sci, vol.78, pp.1084-1099, 2000.

H. Lapierre and G. E. Lobley, Nitrogen recycling in the ruminant: A review, J. Dairy Sci, vol.84, pp.223-236, 2001.

G. E. Lobley, P. M. Harris, P. A. Skene, D. Brown, E. Milne et al., Responses in tissue protein synthesis to sub-and supramaintenance intake in young growing sheep: comparison of large-dose and continuous-infusion techniques, Br. J. Nutr, vol.68, pp.373-388, 1992.

G. E. Lobley, P. J. Weijs, A. Connell, A. G. Calder, D. S. Brown et al., The fate of absorbed and exogenous ammonia as influenced by forage or forage-concentrate diets in growing sheep, Br. J. Nutr, vol.76, pp.231-248, 1996.

G. E. Lobley, K. D. Sinclair, C. M. Grant, L. Miller, D. Mantle et al., The effects of breed and level of nutrition on whole-body and muscle protein metabolism in pure-bred Aberdeen Angus and Charolais beef steers, Br. J. Nutr, vol.84, pp.275-284, 2000.

G. E. Lobley, D. M. Bremner, and D. S. Brown, Response in hepatic removal of amino acids by the sheep to short-term infusions of varied amounts of an amino acid mixture into the mesenteric vein, Br. J. Nutr, vol.85, pp.689-698, 2001.

J. C. Macrae, L. A. Bruce, D. S. Brown, D. A. Farningham, and M. Franklin, Absorption of amino acids from the intestine and their net flux across the mesenteric-and portal-drained viscera of lambs, J. Anim. Sci, vol.75, pp.3307-3314, 1997.

J. C. Macrae, L. A. Bruce, D. S. Brown, and A. G. Calder, Amino acid use by the gastrointestinal tract of sheep given lucerne forage, Am. J. Physiol, vol.273, pp.1200-1207, 1997.

L. Majdoub, M. Vermorel, and I. Ortigues-marty, Ryegrassbased diet and barley supplementation: Partition of energyyielding nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limbs in finishing lambs, J. Anim. Sci, vol.81, pp.1068-1079, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01511395

G. D. Milano, A. Hotstonmoore, and G. E. Lobley, Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on ureagenesis, amino acid utilization and energy metabolism in the ovine liver, Br. J. Nutr, vol.83, pp.307-315, 2000.

A. P. Moloney, Growth and carcass composition in sheep offered isoenergetic rations which resulted in different concentrations of ruminal metabolites, Livest. Prod. Sci, vol.56, pp.157-164, 1998.

D. Remond, L. Bernard, and C. Poncet, Free and peptide amino acid net flux across the rumen and the mesenteric-and portaldrained viscera of sheep, J. Anim. Sci, vol.78, pp.1960-1972, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02689131

C. K. Reynolds, H. Lapierre, H. F. Tyrrell, T. H. Elsasser, P. Gaudreau et al., Growth-hormone releasing factor (GRF) and intake affect net visceral tissue metabolism in growing beef steers, J. Anim. Sci, vol.67, 1990.

C. K. Reynolds and H. F. Tyrrell, Effects of mesenteric vein L-alanine infusion on liver metabolism in beef heifers fed on diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, Br. J. Nutr, vol.66, pp.437-450, 1991.

C. K. Reynolds, H. F. Tyrrell, and P. J. Reynolds, Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on energy metabolism in growing beef heifers: net nutrient metabolism by visceral tissues, J. Nutr, vol.121, pp.1004-1015, 1991.

C. K. Reynolds, H. Lapierre, F. Tyrrell, T. H. Elsasser, R. C. Staples et al., Effects of growth hormonereleasing factor and feed intake on energy metabolism in growing beef steers: net nutrient metabolism by portal-drained viscera and liver, J. Anim. Sci, vol.70, pp.752-763, 1992.

C. K. Reynolds, D. L. Harmon, R. L. Prior, and H. F. Tyrrell, Effects of mesenteric vein L-alanine infusion on liver metabolism of organic acids by beef heifers fed diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, J. Anim. Sci, vol.72, pp.3196-3206, 1994.

A. Sarraseca, E. Milne, M. J. Metcalf, and G. E. Lobley, Urea recycling in sheep: effects of intake, Br. J. Nutr, vol.79, pp.79-88, 1998.

I. Savary-auzeloux, L. Majdoub, N. L. Floc'h, and I. Ortigues-marty, Effects of intraruminal propionate supplementation on nitrogen utilization by the portal-drained viscera, the liver and the hindlimb in lambs fed rye-grass, Br. J. Nutr, vol.90, pp.1-15, 2003.

C. J. Seal, D. S. Parker, and P. J. Avery, The effect of forage and forage-concentrate diets on rumen fermentation and metabolism of nutrients by the mesenteric-and portal-drained viscera in growing steers, Br. J. Nutr, vol.67, pp.355-370, 1992.

C. J. Seal and D. S. Parker, Effects if intraruminal propionic acid infusion on metabolism of mesenteric-and portal-drained viscera in growing steers fed a forage diet: II. Ammonia, urea amino acids, and peptides, J. Anim. Sci, vol.74, pp.245-256, 1996.

B. Stoll, J. Henry, P. J. Reeds, H. Yu, F. Jahoor et al., Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets, J. Nutr, vol.128, pp.606-614, 1998.

E. Storm and E. R. Orskov, The nutritive value of rumen microorganisms in ruminants 1. Large-scale isolation and chemical composition of rumen micro-organisms, Br. J. Nutr, vol.50, pp.463-470, 1983.

K. Taniguchi, G. B. Huntington, and B. P. Glenn, Net nutrient flux by visceral tissues of beef steers given abomasal and ruminal infusions of casein and starch, J. Anim. Sci, vol.73, pp.236-249, 1995.

J. G. Van-der-walt, Nitrogen metabolism in the ruminant liver, Aust. J. Agric. Res, vol.44, pp.381-403, 1993.

C. Van-eenaeme, J. M. Bienfait, O. Lambot, and A. Pondant, Determination automatique de l'ammoniaque dans le liquide du rumen par la méthode de Berthelot adaptée à l'autoanalyseur, Ann. Med. Vet, vol.7, pp.419-425, 1969.

R. Vérité and C. Demarquilly, Qualité des matières azotées des aliments pour ruminants. Page 143 in La Vache Laitière, INRA, 1978.

R. H. Wessels and E. C. Titgemeyer, Protein requirements of growing steers limit-fed corn-based diets, J. Anim. Sci, vol.75, pp.3278-3286, 1997.