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            <title xml:lang="en">Epigenetics and development: genomic imprinting</title>
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            <idno type="stamp" n="INRAE">Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS">Université Paris Cité</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Epigenetics and development: genomic imprinting</title>
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              <p>Genomic imprinting leads to parent-of-origin-specific monoallelic expression of about 60 known genes in the mammalian genome. It was discovered 20 years ago and the aim of this review is to summarize its main characteristics. The nature of the imprint, still unknown, is characterized by differential chromatin structure and DNA methylation. The imprint is reset at each generation during gametogenesis, which can be observed by demethylation in the PGCs, then gamete-specific remethylation. The imprinted genes are usually located in clusters and regulated by cis sequences such as imprinting centres, trans factors such as the insulator protein CTCF and/or large non coding antisense RNAs. Genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of the imprinted clusters can lead to human diseases such as Prader-Willi, Angelman or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes.</p>
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              <p>Dans la nature, certaines espèces, animales comme végétales, se reproduisent par parthénogenèse,c’est-à-dire uniquement à partir du gamète femelle, sans participation du gamète mâle. Chez les mammifères, la parthénogenèse naturelle n’a jamais été observée, ce qui suggère que le développement d’un embryon de mammifèrerequiert la présence des deux génomes maternel et paternel. Cela est dû à un phénomène,découvert au début des années 1980, appelé «empreinte génomique parentale»: il apparaît que, chez tous les mammifères, les génomes mâle et femelle qui se rencontrent dans l’oeuf fécondé sont marqués d’un sceau différent,nommé empreinte. Par la suite, l’identification de gènes spécifiques soumis à empreinte parentalea permis de montrer que cette empreinte conduit à une expression monoallélique, dépendantede l’origine parentale. Les caractéristiques moléculaires de ce phénomène de marquage épigénétiqueont maintenant été décrites et permettentd’expliquer certaines maladies humaines liées à des gènes soumis à empreinte.</p>
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