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            <title xml:lang="en">Genetics and adaptation: situation in poultry</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Génétique et adaptation : le point des connaissances chez les volailles</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Genetics and adaptation: situation in poultry</title>
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              <p>Numerous studies have been conducted on bird's adaptability, which has been modified by domestication and artificial selection. Those studies include between lines comparisons, genetic parameters estimations and selection experiments. These studies deal with many different behaviours, as sexual or social behaviour, feeding or stress susceptibility. These behaviours are linked to the adaptability of animals and are generally heritable, and thus susceptible to be modified by selection. Many selection experiments have confirmed this theoretical possibility, but their aim has changed with the context of poultry production. The first goal of these experiments was to adapt the animal to a given environment, e.g. by decreasing the frequency of stereotypic behaviour in laying hens in cages. However, with the diversification of poultry production, the best animal is not anymore adapted to a given environment, but rather the animal which is adapt-able to a wide range of environments. The most recent studies thus deal with more general traits, such as social motivation, low fear reactions or the absence of abnormal behaviours as feather pecking.</p>
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              <p>De nombreuses études ont porté sur la génétique des capacités d’adaptation des oiseaux, qui ont été modifiées par la domestication, puis la sélection artificielle. Ces études comprennent des comparaisons entre lignées, des estimations de paramètres génétiques et des expériences de sélection. Elles portent sur de nombreux caractères, parmi lesquels le comportement sexuel, alimentaire ou social, la sensibilité au stress. Ces comportements liés aux capacités d’adaptation de l’animal sont généralement héritables, donc modifiables par sélection. De nombreuses expériences de sélection ont confirmé cette possibilité théorique, mais leur objectif a évolué avec le contexte des productions avicoles. En effet, si l’on a d’abord recherché à améliorer l’adaptation à un milieu donné, par exemple en diminuant les comportements de stéréotypie chez la poule en cage, la diversification des productions avicoles a entraîné une évolution des critères recherchés vers des capacités plus générales telles que la motivation sociale, des réactions de peur diminuées ou l’absence de comportements nuisibles tels que le picage. Ces caractères ne signent pas l’adaptation de l’animal à un milieu particulier, mais une bonne adaptabilité à divers milieux.</p>
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