P. Baradat and A. Marpeau, Biologie et génétique des terpènes pour la conaissance et l'amélioration de l'espèce, 1988.

D. Barba, S. C. González-martínez, M. M. Ribeiro, D. Agúndez, L. Salvador et al., Variación genética de Pinus pinaster Ait.: aplicación a la identificación y caracterización del material forestal de reproducción (MFR). Actas del III Congreso Forestal Español, pp.263-269, 2001.

M. Barbéro, R. Loisel, P. Quézel, D. M. Richardson, and F. Romane, La protection juridique de l'arbre dans le droit marocaine, Actes des Premières Journées de l'Arbre, Ed. Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale Fac. Sci. Semlalia Marrakech, pp.11-13, 1992.

A. Benabid, Les écosystèmes forestiers et pré forestiers du Maroc: diversité, répartition biogéographique et problèmes posés par leur aménagement. Forêt Méditerranéenne, vol.VII, pp.53-67, 1985.

C. Burban and R. J. Petit, Phylogeography of maritime pine inferred with organelle markers having contrasted inheritance, Molecular Ecology, vol.12, pp.1487-1495, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02675358

. Boudy-p, Economie Forestière Nord-Africaine, description forestière du Maroc, tome troisième, p.249, 1951.

J. S. Carrión, C. Navarro, J. Navarro, and M. Munuera, The distribution of cluster pine (Pinus pinaster) in Spain as derived from palaeoecological data: relationships with phytosociological classification, The Holocene, vol.10, pp.243-252, 2000.

B. Cauvin, J. N. Marien, and S. M. El-yousfo, Protection, conservation et gestion des ressources génétiques forestiers au Maroc, Ann. Rech. For. Maroc, pp.178-195, 1997.

W. M. Cheliak and J. A. Pitel, Techniques for starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes from forest tree species, Petawawa Nat. For. Inst., Can. For. Serv. Agric, 1984.

M. T. Conkle, P. D. Hodgskiss, L. B. Nunnally, and S. C. Hunter, Starch gel electrophoresis of conifer seeds: a laboratory manual, USDA-Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep, vol.18, p.pp, 1982.

D. X. Destremau, H. Jolly, and T. Thari, Contribution à la connaissance des provenances de Pinus pinaster, Ann. Rech. For. Maroc, vol.16, pp.101-153, 1976.

C. E. Durel, P. Bertin, and A. Kremer, Relationship between inbreeding depression and inbreeding coefficent in maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Ait.). Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.92, pp.347-356, 1996.

S. L. El-alami, H. Sbay, R. J. Petit, and A. Ouasson, Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité de six provenances marocaines de Pin maritime, Actes du séminaire sur l'amélioration, la conservation et l'utilisation des ressources génétiques forestières marocaines. ENFI Salé, pp.56-62, 1997.

D. Fallour, B. Fady, and F. Lefèvre, Study on isoenzyme variation in Pinus pinea L.: Evidence for low polymorphism, Silvae Genetica, vol.46, pp.201-207, 1997.

, Programme d'action forestier méditerranéen: Cadre de référence des plans d'action forestiers nationaux des pays méditerranéennes, Committee on Mediterranean Forestry Questions, vol.81, p.pp, 1993.

S. C. González-martínez, D. Agúndez, R. Alía, L. Salvador, and L. Gil, Geographical variation of gene diversity of Pinus pinaster Ait in the Iberian Peninsula, pp.161-171, 2001.

S. C. González-martínez, S. Mariette, M. M. Ribeiro, C. Bur-ban, A. Raffin et al., Genetic resources in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.): molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variation and differentiation among maternal lineages, 2004.

L. D. Gottlieb, Electrophoresis evidence and plant populations, Prog. Phytochem, vol.7, pp.1-46, 1981.

J. L. Hamrick and M. J. Godt, Allozyme diversity in plant species, Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources, pp.43-63, 1990.

J. L. Hamrick, Y. B. Linhart, and J. B. Mitton, Relationship between life history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in plants, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, vol.10, pp.173-200, 1979.

J. L. Hamrick, M. J. Godt, and S. L. Sherman-broyles, Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species, New Forests, vol.6, pp.95-124, 1992.

A. Harfouche, P. Baradat, and A. Kremer, Variabilité intraspécifique chez le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait.) dans le sud-est de la France. I. Variabilité des populations autochtones et de l'ensemble de l'aire de l'espèce, Ann. Sci. For, vol.52, pp.307-328, 1995.

A. Harfouche, N. Bahrman, P. Baradat, J. P. Guyon, J. R. Petit et al., Provenance hybridization in a diallel mating scheme of maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Ait.). II. Heterosis. Can. J. For. Res, vol.30, pp.10-16, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02698197

M. Hulme, Global Warming, vol.23, pp.303-311, 1999.

S. H. Hurlbert, The non concept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters, Ecology, vol.52, pp.577-586, 1971.

S. R. Kephart, Starch gel electrophoresis of plant isozymes: a comparative analysis of techniques, Amer. J. Bot, vol.77, pp.693-712, 1990.

S. Lamy, A. Bouchard, and J. P. Simon, Genetic structure, variability and mating system in eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) populations of recent origin in an agricultural landscape in southern Québec, Can. J. For. Res, vol.29, pp.1383-1392, 1999.

F. T. Ledig and M. T. Conkle, Gene diversity and genetic structure in a narrow endemic, vol.37, pp.79-85, 1983.

P. O. Lewis and D. Zaykin, Genetic Data Analysis: Computer Program for the Analysis of Allelic Data, Version 1.0 (d16c), 2001.

M. D. Loveless and J. L. Hamrick, Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, vol.15, pp.65-95, 1984.

M. and O. , Mediterranean forest: ecological space and economic and community wealth, Unasylva, vol.197, pp.3-15, 1999.

M. , O. Maghnouj, and M. , Stratégie de conservation des ressources génétiques forestières au Maroc. Pp 123-138 in: Les ressources phytogénétiques et développement durable. Actes Editions, 1994.

M. , O. Sbay, H. El-alami, S. L. Kerrouani, H. Salé et al., Bilan de la recherche en matière de génétique forestière au Maroc, Actes du séminaire sur l'amélioration, la conservation et l'utilisation des ressources génétiques forestières marocaines, vol.6, pp.23-47, 1992.

M. Nei, Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.70, pp.3321-3323, 1973.

M. Nei, T. Maruyama, and R. Chakraborty, The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations, Evolution, vol.29, pp.1-10, 1975.

E. Nevo, Genetic variation in natural populations: patterns and theory, Theor. Pop. Biol, vol.13, pp.123-177, 1978.

A. Nguyen-queyrens, N. Derre, A. Lamant, and P. Seillac, Tolérance au chlorure de sodium et sélectivité Na/K chez trois races géographiques de Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait, Ann. Sci. For, vol.52, pp.465-475, 1995.

. Wahid, Genetica, pp.53-56, 2004.

R. J. Petit, N. Bahrman, and P. Baradat, Comparison of genetic differentiation in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) estimated using isozyme, total protein and terpenic loci, Heredity, vol.75, pp.382-389, 1995.

R. J. Petit, A. El-mousadik, and O. Pons, Identifying populations for conservation on the basis of genetic markers, Conservation Biology, vol.12, pp.844-855, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02699275

A. Raffin, Pin maritime, Conserver les ressources génétiques forestières en France. MAP-BRG, Commission des Ressources Génétiques Forestières, INRA-DIC, pp.50-51, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01601302

M. Raymond and F. Rousset, GENEPOP (version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism, J. Hered, vol.86, pp.248-249, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00186383

M. M. Ribeiro, C. Plomion, R. J. Petit, G. G. Vendramin, and A. C. Szmidt, Variation in chloroplast single-sequence repeats in Portuguese maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Ait.). Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.102, pp.97-103, 2001.

, The status of temperate North American Forest Genetic Resources, 1996.

G. M. Rothe, Electrophoresis for enzymes: laboratory methods, vol.307, p.pp, 1994.

L. Salvador, R. Alía, D. Agúndez, and L. Gil, Genetic variation and migration pathways of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in the Iberian Peninsula, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.100, pp.89-95, 2000.

O. Savolainen, Guidelines for gene conservation based on population genetics, Proceedings of the XXI IUFRO World Congress, Malaysian XXI IUFRO World Congress Organising Committee, pp.100-109, 2000.

M. Skouri, Les dégradations du milieu et les mesures de protection. CR Acad, vol.80, pp.49-82, 1994.

R. Tomaselli, La dégradation du maquis méditerranéen, Forêts et maquis méditerranéens: écologie, conservation et aménagements. Note Technique MAB 2. UNESCO, pp.34-75, 1976.

M. Tremblay and J. P. Simon, Genetic structure of populations of White spruce (Picea glauca) at its northern limit of distribution in nouveau-Québec, Can. J. For. Res, vol.19, pp.1371-1379, 1989.

B. S. Weir, Genetic Data Analysis. Sinauer, Sunderland, 1990.

F. C. Yeh, L. , and C. , The organization of genetic variability in central and marginal population of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia). Can, J. Genet. Cytol, vol.21, pp.487-503, 1979.

F. C. Yeh, R. Yang, T. Boyle, Z. Ye, and J. X. Mao, POPGENE, the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, 1997.