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. Cisneros, The loss of soil due to water erosion exceeds the tolerance values in 26 % of the country's area (results not shown). The tolerance of soil loss is the maximum erosion rate that allows maintaining a high level of productivity. A tolerable erosion rate could be one in which the annual loss of soil equals the rate of soil formation, 2012.

, Mg.ha -1 .yr -1 in arid climates and shallow soils and 10.0 Mg.ha -1 .yr -1 in humid climates and deep soils

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, Cumulative soil losses have pushed yield losses into a state of steep decline (as soil organic carbon content decreases, a loss in soil organic carbon results in a disproportionately larger loss in crop yield) -increasing from a 17%

, Although the area experiencing moderate to very high annual rates of soil erosion has decreased substantially, the cumulative loss of productive topsoil, as indicated by soil organic carbon content, has decreased crop yields by 17 % on 37 % of the area (a product of 6.2) to 60 % on 10 % of the area

, 1B per year in 1971 (7% of the total value of crop production) to $3B per year in 2011 (10 % of the total value of crop production), a dramatic increase in the absolute cost of soil erosion and a slight increase in the relative cost. The value for 1971 is almost the same as Rennie's (1985) estimate for the 1970s. The value for 2011 is much higher than expected; in fact, the widespread belief is that the cost of soil erosion has declined since the 1970s. This analysis does not consider other on-site costs of soil erosion or off-site costs

, The cumulative value of yield losses in the 40 to 60 years leading up to 1971 is estimated to be $20-30B. The cumulative value of yield losses between 1971 and 2011 is estimated to be an additional $40-60B. Areas where soil erosion is now controlled through soil conservation practices still suffer from historical losses of soil. In assessing cost, it is necessary to consider cumulative historical soil losses. This is rarely, if ever done in soil conservation planning. The annual lost crop value is expected to have continued since, 2011.

, There has been an expansion of higher value crops such as soybeans, which increased from less than 0.1M ha of seeded area in 1971 to in excess of 0.8M ha in 2011. To understand the impacts of production changes, consider the following: a 10 % loss in yield due to soil loss for a given crop would be triple in its absolute dollar value if either the yield of that crop triples through better production techniques or if that crop is substituted for a crop that has triple the market value. It should be noted that a 10% loss in gross revenue from a crop (its market value) represents a much larger percentage of a crop's net revenue (profit), possibly all of it. This knowledge should motivate crop producers to greatly reduce soil losses and to restore a soil's productivity by rapidly rebuilding its organic carbon content. Rapid rebuilding of soil organic matter requires innovative soil management, such as the use of the practice of soil-landscape restoration, Changes in crop production are largely responsible for the unexpected increased cost of soil erosion between 1971 and 2011. Higher yielding and higher value crops are being grown on land that has not improved in soil productivity, as noted above

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