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, Neochrysocaris formosa (Westwood) and Ratzeburgiola cristata (Ratzeburg) and a pteromalid species. The larval, solitary, idiobiont ectoparasitoids Cirrospilus brevis and Pnigalio pectinicornis were the most abundant species found on P. citrella, representing more than 95% of total parasitoid fauna. In the Mediterranean Basin as a whole, about 30 different species have been recorded since 1994 that parasitize the CLM. Furthermore, lacewings, ants, spiders, minute pirate bugs, thrips, and ladybirds have been cited in the Mediterranean as possible predators of Phyllocnistis citrella. Opportunistically recruited entomophagous insects had a significant and practical effect on CLM populations. Contribution of indigenous natural enemies was important and gave us the chance to become aware of the existence of an important guild of undetermined generalist predators, and opportunistic parasitoids. Classical biological control programs against this pest were also extensively developed in Mediterranean countries, The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a pest native to Southern Asia which spread to all citrus-growing areas worldwide during the last decade of the XX century. When the CLM arrived in Spain, it was rapidly accepted as a host by some indigenous parasitoids of other leafminers. Thus, 1994.

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