, STADE : lorsque la dernière feuille est visible sur 50% des tiges et encore enroulée c'est-à-dire 3

, DOSE : dernier tiers du second apport, les deux premiers tiers étant apportés au stade épi à 1 cm

B. Protéine, Pour produire un blé panifiable riche en protéines, le fractionnement de l'azote en 3 apports devient incontournable. L'apport tardif avant gonflement (de 2 noeuds à sortie de la dernière feuille)

, STADE : lorsque ligule et oreillettes de la dernière feuille sont visibles sur 50% des tiges c'est-à

J. Alkämper, Influence of weed infestation on effect of fertilizer dressings, vol.29, pp.191-235, 1976.

, « les fiches variétés blé tendre, 1989.

. Vegetatio, , vol.83, pp.35-47

M. V. Bagavathiannan and J. K. Norsworthy, Late-Season Seed Production in Arable Weed Communities: Management Implications, Weed Management In Agroecosystems:Ecological Approaches, pp.89-120, 1988.

R. E. Blackshaw, R. N. Brandt, H. H. Janzen, T. Entz, C. A. Grant et al., Differential response of weed species to added nitrogen, Weed Sci, vol.51, pp.532-539, 2003.

H. L. Carlson and J. E. Hill, Wild oat (Avena fatua) competition with spring wheat effect of nitrogen fertilization, Weed Science, vol.34, pp.153-165, 1985.

J. P. Caussanel, Nuisibilité et seuils de nuisibilité des mauvaises herbes dans une culture annuelle: situation de concurrence bispécifique, Agronomie, vol.9, pp.219-240, 1989.

R. Chadoeuf, G. Barralis, and J. P. Lonchamp, Evolution du potentiel semencier de mauvaises herbes annuelles dans un sol cultivé. VIIIème colloque international sur la biologie, l'écologie et la systématique des mauvaises herbes, 1984.

J. P. Cohan, P. Pierson, and Y. Messmer, Blé tendre d'hiver : des couverts de légumineuses pour limiter la dépendance aux engrais minéraux azotées ?, Perspectives Agricole, vol.370, pp.55-58, 2010.

S. Cordeau, S. Petit, X. Reboud, and B. Chauvel, Sown grass strips harbour high weed diversity but decrease weed richness in adjacent crops, Weed Research, vol.52, pp.88-97, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650939

J. M. Craine and R. Dybzinski, Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients, water and light, Functional Ecology, vol.27, pp.833-840, 2013.

M. J. Crawley, Plant Ecology. 2 nd EditionBlackwell Science, 1997.

D. W. Cudney, L. S. Jordan, and A. E. Hall, Effect of wild oat (Avena fatua) infestations on light interception and growth rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum), Weed Science, vol.39, pp.175-179, 1991.

M. A. Davis, K. J. Wrage, and P. B. Reich, Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: support for a theory of resource supply and demand, Journal of Ecology, vol.86, pp.652-661, 1998.

C. Debouche, Présentation coordonnée de différents modèles de croissance. Revue de statistique appliquée, vol.27, pp.5-22, 1979.

J. M. Ditomaso, Approaches for improving crop competitiveness through the manipulation of fertilization strategies, Weed Science, vol.43, pp.491-497, 1995.

J. Fargione and D. Tilman, Niche differences in phenology and rooting depth, 2005.

F. Agrimer, , 2009.

D. Gabriel, C. Thies, and T. Tscharntke, Local diversity of arable weeds increases with landscape complexity, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, vol.7, pp.85-93, 2005.

J. Gasquez, G. Fried, and M. Délos, Vers un usage raisonné des herbicides : analyse des pratiques en blé d'hiver de, Innovations Agronomiques, vol.3, pp.145-156, 2004.

H. A. Gleason, The individualistic concept of the plant association, 1926.

, Torrey Botanic Club, vol.53, pp.7-26

I. Godinho, Les définitions d'adventice et de mauvaise herbe, Weed Research, pp.121-125, 1984.

J. P. Grime, Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation, Nature, vol.242, pp.344-347, 1973.

J. P. Grime, Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects, Journal of Ecology, vol.86, pp.902-910, 1998.

N. Gross, Mécanismes de structuration des prairies subalpines : apport des traits fonctionnels, Ecologie, Environnement. Université J.Fournier-Grenoble, vol.1, 2007.

N. Gross, G. Kunstler, and P. Liancourt, Linking individual response to biotic interactions with community structure : a trait-based framework, Functionnal Ecology, vol.23, pp.1167-1178, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02591936

J. S. Holt, Plant responses to light: A potential tool for weed management, Weed Science, vol.43, pp.474-482, 1995.

. Jamieson, Sirius : a mechanistic model of wheat response to environmental variation, European journal of Agronomy, issue.8, pp.161-179, 1998.

P. A. Keddy, Assembly and response rules: Two goals for predictive community ecology, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.3, pp.157-164, 1992.

K. Ds, M. Ejp, J. C. Caseley, and . Brain-p, Modelling interactions between herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer in terms of weed response, Weed Research, vol.46, pp.480-491, 2006.

N. E. Korres and R. J. Froud-williams, Effects of winter wheat cultivars and seed rate on the biological characteristics of naturally occurring weed flora, Weed research, vol.42, pp.417-428, 2002.

S. Lavorel and E. Garnier, Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy grail, Functional Ecology, vol.16, pp.403-412, 2002.

V. Le-corre, C. Délye, H. ;. Darmency, P. Gallagher, and E. D. , Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data, Colloque EPVG Legendre, vol.129, pp.271-280, 2001.

P. Liancourt, Stratégies fonctionnelles et interactions entre espèces dominantes le long de gradients de ressources hydrique et trophique au niveau des pelouses calcaires, vol.1, 2005.

M. Liebmann, Effect of nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation, and crop genotype on canopy relations and yelds of an intercrop/weed mixture, Field Crops Research, vol.22, pp.83-100, 1989.

G. Londo, The decimal scale for releves of permanent quadrats, vol.33, pp.61-64, 1976.

G. S. Mcmaster and W. Wilhelm, Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations" .Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty, 1997.

M. P. Martin and R. J. Field, Influence of time of emergence of wild oat on competition with winter wheat, Weed Research, vol.28, pp.111-116, 1988.

V. Maire, N. Gross, and L. Börger, Habitat filtering and niche differentiation jointly explain species relative abundance within grassland communities along fertility and disturbance gradients, New Phytologist, vol.196, pp.497-509, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00740424

V. Maire, N. Gross, and L. D. Pontes, Trade-off between root nitrogen acquisition and shoot nitrogen utilization across 13 co-occuring pasture grass species, Functional Ecology, vol.23, pp.668-679, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02662577

M. L. Navas and J. Moreau-richar, Can trait predict the competitive response of herbaceous Mediterranean species?, Acta Oecologia, vol.27, pp.107-114, 2005.

P. Pysek and J. Leps, Response of a weed community to nitrogen fertilization: a multivariate analysis, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.2, pp.237-244, 1991.

A. Romero, L. Chamorro, and F. X. Sans, Weed diversity in crop edges and inner fields of organic and conventional dryland winter cereal crops in, vol.124, pp.97-104, 2008.

T. R. Sinclair and P. D. Jamieson, Grain number,wheat yield and bottling beer :an analysis, Field Crops Research, vol.98, pp.60-67, 2006.

S. Schwinning and J. Weiner, Mechanisms determining the degree of size asymmetry in competition among plants, Oecologia, vol.113, pp.447-455, 1998.

V. Seufert, N. Ramankutty, and J. A. Foley, Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture, Nature, vol.485, pp.229-233, 2012.

&. Stahlman and . Miller, Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Interference and Economic Thresholds in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Weed Science, vol.38, pp.224-228, 1990.

J. Storkey, A functional group approach to the management of U.K. arable weeds to support biological diversity, Weed Research, vol.46, pp.513-522, 2006.

J. Storkey, S. R. Moss, and J. W. Cussans, Using Assembly theory to explain Changes in a weed Flora in Response to Agricultural Intensification, Weed Science, vol.58, pp.39-46, 2010.

D. Tilman, Resource competition and community structure, 1982.

C. J. Trinder, R. W. Brooker, and D. Robinson, Plant ecology's guilty little secret: understanding competition. Functional Ecology the dynamics of plant, vol.27, pp.918-929, 2013.

J. Vengris, W. G. Colby, and M. Drake, Plant nutrient competition between weeds and corns, Agronomy Journal, vol.47, pp.213-216, 1955.

C. Violle, E. Garnier, and J. Lecoeur, Competition, traits and resource depletion in plan communities, Oecologia, vol.160, pp.747-755, 2009.

J. C. Zadoks, A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, Weed Research, vol.14, pp.415-421, 1974.