V. Albouy and L. Lequien, Does compulsory education lower mortality?, Journal of Health Economics, vol.28, pp.155-168, 2008.

S. J. Adams, Educational attainment and health: evidence from a sample of older adults, Education Economics, vol.10, pp.97-109, 2002.

C. ;. Aliaga and . Insee-première, Le tabac : vingt ans d'usage et de consommation, vol.808, pp.1-4, 2001.

A. Amos, Women and Smoking, British Medical Bulletin, vol.52, pp.74-89, 1996.

J. N. Arendt, Does education cause better health? A panel data analysis using school reforms for identification, Economics of Education Review, vol.24, pp.149-160, 2005.

M. C. Auld and N. Sidhu, Schooling, cognitive ability and health, Health Economics, pp.1019-1034, 2005.

G. S. Becker and C. B. Mulligan, On The Endogeneous Determination of Time Preference, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.112, pp.729-758, 1997.

V. Berridge and K. Loughlin, Smoking and the New Health Education in Britain 1950s-1970s, American Journal of Public Health, vol.95, pp.956-64, 2005.

L. Berlivet, Une santé à risques. L'action publique de lutte contre l'alcoolisme et le tabagisme en France (1954-1999), 2000.

R. Blundell and M. Costa-dias, Alternative approaches to evaluation in empirical microeconomics, Portuguese Economic Journal, vol.1, pp.91-115, 2002.

J. Bound, D. A. Jaeger, and R. M. Baker, Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation When the Correlation Between the Instruments and the Endogeneous Explanatory Variable is Weak, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.90, issue.430, pp.443-450, 1995.

P. Bourdieu, La Noblesse d'Etat, 1979.

A. Chevalier, C. Harmon, I. Walker, and Y. Zhu, Does Education Raise Productivity, or Just Reflect It?, Economic Journal, vol.114, pp.499-517, 2004.

D. De-walque, Does education affect smoking behaviors?: Evidence using the Vietnam draft as an instrument for college education, Journal of Health Economics, vol.26, pp.877-895, 2007.

R. Doll, R. Peto, J. Boreham, and I. Sutherland, Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male british doctors, British Medical Journal, vol.22, pp.1-9, 2004.

S. Douglas and G. Hariharan, The Hazard of Starting Smoking : Estimates from a Split Population Duration Model, Journal of Health Economics, vol.13, issue.2, pp.213-230, 1994.

E. Duflo, Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia : Evidence from an unusual policy experiment, American Economic Review, vol.91, pp.795-813, 2001.

P. Farrell and V. R. Fuchs, Schooling and Health: The Cigarette Connection, Journal of Health Economics, vol.1, issue.3, pp.217-230, 1982.

M. Forster and A. M. Jones, The role of tobacco taxes in starting and quitting smoking: Duration analysis of British data, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, vol.164, pp.517-547, 2001.

V. R. Fuchs, Reflections on the socio-economic correlates of health, Journal of Health Economics, vol.23, pp.653-662, 2004.

R. Godefroy, Les taxes sur les cigarettes sont-elles régressives, pp.3-28, 2003.

H. Graham, Smoking Prevalence Among Women in the European Community 1950-1990, Social Science and Medicine, vol.43, pp.243-254, 1996.

M. Grossman, On the concept of health capital and the demand for health, The Journal of Political Economy, vol.80, pp.223-255, 1972.

M. Grossman, The Human Capital Model, Handbook of Health Economics, vol.1, pp.347-408, 2000.

M. Grossman, The demand for health, 30 years later: a very personal retrospective and prospective reflection, Journal of Health Economics, vol.23, pp.629-636, 2004.

M. Grossman, Education and nonmarket outcomes, Handbook of the Economics of Education, 2006.

F. Grimard and D. Parent, Education and smoking: Were Vietnam war draft avoiders also more likely to avoid smoking?, Journal of Health Economics, vol.26, pp.896-926, 2007.

M. Gurgand and E. Maurin, A large scale experiment: Wages and educational expansion in France, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00587884

, La Santé en France, 1994.

J. Hughes, Learning to Smoke: Tobacco Use in the West, 2003.

D. S. Kenkel, Health behavior, health knowledge, and schooling, Journal of Political Economy, vol.99, issue.2, pp.287-305, 1991.

D. Kenkel, D. Lillard, and A. Mathios, The Roles of High School Completion and GED Receipt in Smoking and Obesity, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.24, pp.635-660, 2006.

D. S. Kenkel and F. Liu, The evolution of the schooling-smoking gradient, 2007.

N. Lelong, M. Kaminski, M. Saurel-cubizolles, and M. Bouvier-colle, Postpartum return to smoking among usual smokers who quit during pregnancy, European Journal of Public Health, vol.11, pp.334-339, 2001.

A. Lleras-muney, The Relationship Between Education and Mortality in the U, S. Review of Economic Studies, vol.72, pp.189-221, 2005.

T. Magnac and D. Thesmar, Analyse économique des politiques éducatives : l'augmentation de la scolarisation en France de 1982 à 1993, Annales d'Economie et de Statistiques, vol.65, pp.1-34, 2002.

D. Nourrisson, Histoire Sociale du Tabac, 1999.

, Classifying Educational Programmes -Manuel for ISCED-97 Implementation in OECD Countries -1999 Edition, OECD, 1999.

F. C. Pampel, Sage and education patterns of smoking among women in high-income nations, Social Science and Medicine, pp.1505-1514, 2003.

A. Prost, Histoire de l'enseignement et de l'éducation. Tome IV. Depuis, 1930.

, As a consequence, Secondary School and University attendance as well as post-Baccalaureat programmes developed vigorously, especially after the Fouchet's reforms in 1963 and, Notes: these distributions of qualifications by gender and cohort were computed using individual data from the, 1952.

, Indeed, years of schooling per se are not an appropriate indicator of health knowledge, 2004.

, Pierre Bourdieu has largely illustrated this point in his work on social reproduction in France (see, in particular, 1979.

. Doll, Such selection bias can go either way, depending on whether smokers' mortality risk increases or not with education. We find no education-smoking gradient in these data for the elderly, 2004.

, If it is not rejected, then shares of BAC+5 can be considered as fairly stable over the cohort window under consideration. In DUMMIE TEST, the equation BAC+5=probit(? c ? c 1{YEAR OF BIRTH = c}+?) is estimated on all cohorts, and for all pairs of cohorts (c,c'), the hypothesis H0:? c =? c' can be tested, SLOPE TEST, the equation BAC+5=probit(?*(YEAR OF BIRTH)+?) is estimated on the set of observations included in the cohort window, and the hypothesis H0: ?=0 is tested

M. Chevet, J. , M. Lecocq, S. Robin, and J. M. , Given that smoking duration is provided with an uncertainty of ±6 months, he started between the 15/06/1979 and the 15/06/1980, hence between age 14.58 and age 15.42. In this case age of onset smoking=15, ES2003, we observe for instance a smoker interviewed the 15th of, vol.50, 1965.

P. Bazoche, P. Combris, and E. Giraud-héraud, Willingness to pay for appellation of origin: results of an experiment with pinot noir wines in France and Germany, Aliss Working Paper, vol.18, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01198181

A. Lhuissier, H. H. Nguyen, and L. G. Soler, Faire régime": approches différenciées d'une pratique corporelle en milieu populaire, Aliss Working Paper, Aliss Working Papes, vol.19, 2008.

C. Deola and P. Fleckinger, Pesticide regulation : the case of French wine, vol.23, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02818277

S. Lecocq, Variations in choice sets and empirical identification of mixed logit models: Monte Carlo evidence, Aliss Working Paper, vol.23, 2008.

E. Giraud-héraud, A. Hammoudi, R. Hofmann, and L. G. Soler, Vertical relationships and safety standards in the food marketing chain, Aliss Working Paper, vol.30, 2008.

F. Régnier and A. Masullo, Réception et mise en pratique des recommandations nutritionnelles, Aliss Working Paper, vol.51, 2008.

E. Giraud-héraud, C. Grazia, and A. Hammoudi, Strategies for the development of brands in the agrifood chains, vol.34, 2008.

P. Cardon and S. Gojard, Les personnes âgées face à la dépendance culinaire : entre délégation et remplacement, Aliss Working Paper, vol.22, 2008.

O. Allais, P. Bertail, and V. Nichèle, The effects of a "Fat Tax" on the nutrient intake of French Households, vol.36, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02818327

F. Etilé, C. Boizot-szantaï, and F. Etilé, Food Price Policies and the Distribution of Body Mass Index: Theory and Empirical Evidence from France, Aliss Working Paper, Aliss Working Paper, vol.52, pp.2008-2009, 2008.