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                <title xml:lang="en">Tree colonization of sub-mediterranean grasslands: Effects of dispersal limitation and shrub facilitation</title>
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                  <date type="start">2006-04-05</date>
                  <date type="end">2006-04-05</date>
                  <settlement>Avignon</settlement>
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              <p>Encroachment of trees into low productivity grasslands is a serious threat to grassland biodiversity throughout Europe. The rate of encroachment into grassland is variable and poorly understood, but is thought to result from variation in tree seedling recruitment, which is mostly limited by the availability of safe site and the dispersal distances of propagules. We parameterised spatially-explicit models of seedling recruitment for two major sub-Mediterranean trees: Quercus pubescens and Fagus sylvatica. We quantified the spatial distribution of Quercus and Fagus seedlings that were up to 20 years old in three grassland sites. We also quantified the spatial distribution and size of mature trees and the two dominant species of shrubs, Buxus sempervirens and Juniperus communis. Ninety-eight percent of the regeneration took place under shrub canopy. Quercus showed a higher seedling production per unit of canopy area, and a longer mean effective dispersal distance than Fagus, and had a large advantage over Fagus for the establishment into open area. Juniperus shrubs were better safe sites than Buxus shrubs for the establishment of Quercus and Fagus. We computed indices of seedling dispersal limitation and safe site availability for recruitment for four dates. In the Causse grasslands examined in this study, safe site availability was far more important than seedling dispersal limitation for recruitment of both tree species.</p>
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              <p>La colonisation des pâturages extensifs par les ligneux constitue une menace sérieuse pour la biodiversité des pelouses en Europe. Cette vitesse d'embroussaillement est variable et mal connue, mais elle semble liée principalement à des variations de recrutement des semis ligneux, qui dépendent de la présence de microsites favorables et de la distance de dispersion des propagules. Nous avons établi des modèles spatialement explicites pour le recrutement de deux espèces forestières subméditerranéennes majeures : Quercus pubescens et Fagus sylvatica. Nous avons quantifié la distribution spatiale de semis de Quercus et de Fagus de moins de 20 ans dans trois sites de pelouse. Nous avons aussi caractérisé la distribution spatiale et la hauteur des semenciers matures et de deux espèces ligneuses basses : Buxus sempervirens et Juniperus communis. Les résultats montrent que 98% de la régénération ligneuse se produisent sous le couvert des buissons. Par rapport à Fagus, Quercus présente une plus forte densité de semis par unité de surface de houppier de buisson, une plus longue distance de dispersion efficace, et un large avantage en terme d'installation en milieu ouvert. Les buissons de Juniperus constituent des sites plus favorables que ceux de Buxus pour l'établissement des deux espèces forestières. Nous avons calculé des indices de limitation de la dispersion et de disponibilité de microsites favorables à quatre dates. Dans les pelouses des Causses calcaires étudiées ici, la disponibilité en sites favorables à la germination et à la survie des plantules était beaucoup plus importante que la limitation liée à la dispersion, pour les deux espèces d'arbres.</p>
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