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, Namely through attributes related to food safety, environmental and social conditions of production, animal welfare, etc. The presence of these attributes, called "credence attributes, 1970.

. Conversely,

, standardization means making uniform among buyers and sellers, and from place to place and time to time, the quality specifications of grades, 1951.

, Smoked sheet and crepe are two different presentations for rubber traded in the international market. Natural rubber is produced by coagulating latex collected on the trees. The coagulum is then processed by a number of roll mills. Crepes are made by air-drying the sheet obtained after this process

, A forerunner, this association defined its own standard in the late 1960s and its own certification system in the early, 1970.

, There were 17 local AdM associations in 1979. The Federation Artisans du Monde was, 1981.

, While ATOs label an organisation committed to fair trade, labelling initiatives label a product

, Certification is carried out by FloCert, an independent certification body abiding by the EU standards for certification bodies

, As a result, certification introduces anonymous arms length marketing relationships where vertical relations based on trust and continuity used to prevail: when all complex information about quality is embedded in standards, coordination can be achieved through market relations, 2005.

, For a detailed analysis of the corporate response to fair trade in the coffee sector, see Fridell et, ) and Raynolds, 2008.

, One of the examples is Tesco's "Nature's Choice" standard for suppliers of fresh produce (1991) that covered a wide range of environmental, social and health-related issues. In the coffee sector, examples of firm-specific involvement include: Nestlé's Corporate Business Principles, 1998.

, Rainforest Alliance started the Better Banana Project with Chiquita in 1992 and signed various agreements for the sourcing of sustainable cocoa with Kraft in 1997, and of sustainable coffee with Kraft in, 2003.

, These strategies are combined differently according to the final market targeted: in its UK outlets, McDonalds sells Rainforest Alliance certified coffee; in other European countries, it offers Utz Certified coffee; in the USA, it sells fair-trade certified coffee (Ethical Corporation, 2007.

, For example the British Food Safety Act (1990), the EU traceability and Maximum Residue Limits regulations, 2002.

, For the last 50 years, the issue of commodities and the link between commodities and economic development have given rise to a tremendous body of literature. In these works, primary commodities are plagued by several evils, including: price instability (Maizels, 1992); long term declining prices (Prebisch, 1949.

B. According-to, . Luisetti, and . Md-of-kraft-foods-france, Certification gives value to our products, Les Echos "Avec Rainforest, Kraft Foods investit dans le café durable, 2010.

, Starbucks has reiterated its commitment that it will not oppose Ethiopia's efforts to obtain trademarks for its specialty coffees, 2007.