J. K. Herreman, G. M. Blundell, and M. Ben-david, False sex-linked microsatellite primer for Phoca vitulina, Marine Mammal Science, vol.24, 2008.

J. K. Herreman, G. M. Blundell, D. B. Mcdonald, and M. Ben-david, Asymmetrical malemediated gene flow between Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) populations in Alaska, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.87, pp.498-507, 2009.

S. Hoban, O. Gaggiotti, and G. Bertorelle, Sample Planning Optimization Tool for conservation and population Genetics (SPOTG): a software for choosing the appropriate number of markers and samples, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.4, 2013.

A. R. Hoelzel, S. D. Goldsworthy, and R. C. Fleischer, Marine mammal biology; an evolutionary approach, Population genetics. In: Hoelzel AR, pp.325-352, 2002.

A. R. Hoelzel, J. M. Halley, S. J. O'brien, and C. Campagna, Elephant seal genetic variation and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population bottlenecks, Journal of Heredity, vol.84, pp.443-449, 1993.

A. Jamieson, The effectiveness of using co-dominant polymorphic allelic series for (1) checking pedigrees and (2) distinguishing full-sib pair members, Animal Genetics, vol.25, pp.37-44, 1994.

A. Jamieson and S. Taylor, Comparisons of three probability formulae for parentage exclusion, Animal Genetics, vol.28, 1997.

S. Jeffries, H. Huber, J. Calambokidis, and J. Laake, Trends and status of harbor seals in Washington State: 1978-1999, The Journal of Wildlife Management, pp.207-218, 2003.

P. Johnson and D. T. Haydon, Maximum likelihood estimation of allelic dropout and false allele error rates from microsatellite genotypes in the absence of reference data, Genetics, vol.175, pp.827-869, 2007.

T. Jombart, adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers, Bioinformatics, vol.24, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428105

T. Jombart and A. I. , 3-1: new tools for the analysis of genome-wide SNP data, Bioinformatics, vol.1, issue.21, pp.3070-3071, 2011.

T. Jombart, S. Devillard, and F. Balloux, Discriminant analysis of principal components: a new method for the analysis of genetically structured populations, BMC Genetics, vol.11, p.94, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539267

S. T. Kalinowski, M. L. Taper, and T. C. Marshall, Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, 2007.

T. L. King, S. T. Kalinowski, W. B. Schill, A. P. Spidle, and B. A. Lubinski, ): a range-wide perspective from microsatellite DNA variation, Molecular Ecology, vol.10, pp.807-821, 2001.

N. M. Kopelman, J. Mayzel, M. Jakobsson, N. A. Rosenberg, and I. Mayrose, Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.15, 2015.

R. Lande, Mutation and conservation, Conservation Biology, vol.9, 1995.

M. Lonergan, D. Duck, C. Thompson, D. Mackey, and B. , Using sparse survey data to investigate the declining abundance of British harbour seals, Journal Zoology, vol.271, pp.261-269, 2007.

R. C. Lonsinger, J. R. Adams, and L. Waits, Evaluating effective population size and genetic diversity of a declining kit fox population using contemporary and historical specimens, Ecology and Evolution, vol.8, issue.23, 2018.

H. K. Lotze and B. Worm, Historical baselines for large marine animals, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.24, 2009.

G. Luikart, F. W. Allendorf, J. Cornuet, and W. B. Sherwin, Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks, Journal of Heredity, vol.89, issue.3, pp.238-247, 1997.

L. G. Marshall, S. D. Webb, J. J. Sepkoski, and D. M. Raup, Mammalian evolution and the great american interchange, Science, vol.215, issue.4538, 1982.

J. Matthiopoulos, L. Cordes, B. Mackey, D. Thompson, C. Duck et al., State-space modelling reveals proximate causes of harbour seal population declines, Oecologia, vol.174, pp.151-162, 2014.

L. Mcclenachan, F. Ferretti, and J. K. Baum, From archives to conservation: why historical data are needed to set baselines for marine animals and ecosystems, Conservation Letters, vol.5, pp.349-359, 2012.

J. W. Merritt, C. A. Auton, and C. R. Firth, Ice-proximal glaciomarine sedimentation and sea-level change in the Inverness Area, Scotland: a review of the deglaciation of a major ice stream of the British Late Devensian Ice Sheet, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.14, pp.289-329, 1995.

C. A. Mossman and P. M. Waser, Genetic detection of sex-biased dispersal, Molecular Ecology, vol.8, 1999.

M. S. Murray, Zooarchaeology and arctic marine mammal biogeograph, conservation, and management, Ecological Applications, vol.18, issue.2, 2008.

M. Nei, Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals, Genetics, vol.89, pp.583-590, 1978.

D. Newman and D. Pilson, Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size: experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella. Evolution, the, International Journal of Organic Evolution, vol.51, 1997.

N. Nikolic, J. R. Butler, J. L. Bagliniére, R. Laughton, I. A. Mcmyn et al., An examination of genetic diversity and effective population size in Atlantic salmon populations, Genetical Research, vol.91, issue.6, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01453786

N. Nikolic and C. Chevalet, Detecting past changes of effective population size, Evolutionary Applications, vol.7, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02641586

N. Nikolic and C. Chevalet, VarEff. Variation of Effective size. Software VAREFF (package R in file.zip) and the documentation, 2014.

M. T. Olsen, V. Islas, J. A. Graves, A. Onoufriou, C. Vincent et al., Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, vol.27

C. V. Oosterhout, W. F. Hutchinson, D. Wills, and P. Shipley, Micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.4, pp.535-538, 2004.

D. Paetkau, W. Calvert, I. Stirling, and C. Strobeck, Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears, Molecular Ecology, vol.4, 1995.

D. Paetkau, R. Slade, M. Burden, and A. Estoup, Direct real-time estimation of migration rate using assignment methods: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power, Molecular Ecology, vol.13, 2004.

J. U. Palo, H. S. Mäkinen, E. Helles, R. Väinölä, and O. Stenman, Microsatellite variation in ringed seals (Phoca hispida): genetic structure and history of the Baltic sea population, Heredity, vol.86, pp.609-617, 2001.

J. U. Palo, H. Hyvärinen, E. Helle, H. S. Mäkinen, and R. Väinölä, Postglacial loss of microsatellite variation in the landlocked Lake Saimaa ringed seal, Conservation Genetics, vol.4, 2003.

P. J. Palsbøll, M. P. Heide-jørgensen, and R. Dietz, Population structure and seasonal movements of narwhals. Monodon monoceros, determined from mtDNA analysis, Heredity, vol.78, pp.284-292, 1997.

P. J. Palsbøll, M. Z. Peery, M. T. Olsen, S. R. Beissinger, and M. Bérubé, Inferring recent historic abundance from current genetic diversity, Molecular Ecology, vol.22, 2013.

F. P. Palstra and D. E. Ruzzante, Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: what can they tell us about the importance of genetic stochasticity for wild population persistence?, Molecular Ecology, vol.17, issue.15, 2008.

T. Pastor, J. C. Garza, P. Allen, W. Amos, and A. Aguilar, A low genetic variability in the highly endangered Mediterranean monk seal, Journal of Heredity, vol.95, 2004.

R. Peakall and P. E. Smouse, GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.6, 2006.

R. Peakall and P. E. Smouse, GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update, Bioinformatics, vol.28, pp.2537-2539, 2012.

M. Z. Peery, R. Kirby, B. N. Reid, R. Stoelting, E. Doucet-bëer et al., Reliability of genetic bottleneck tests for detecting recent population declines, Molecular Ecology, vol.21, pp.3403-3418, 2012.

F. B. Pichler and C. S. Baker, Loss of genetic diversity in the endemic Hector's dolphin due to fisheries-related mortality, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.267, 2000.

S. Piry, G. Luikart, and J. Cornuet, Bottleneck: a program for detecting recent effective population size reductions from allele data frequencies, Journal of Heredity, vol.90, pp.502-503, 1999.

S. Piry, A. Alapetite, J. M. Cornuet, D. Paetkau, L. Baudouin et al., GeneClass2: a software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection, Journal of Heredity, vol.95, pp.536-539, 2004.

J. K. Pritchard, P. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-959, 2000.

S. J. Puechmaille, The program structure does not reliably recover the correct population structure when sampling is uneven: subsampling and new estimators alleviate the problem, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.16, pp.608-627, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01872713

B. Rannala and J. L. Mountain, Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.94, 1997.

M. Raymond and F. Rousset, GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism, Journal of Heredity, vol.86, pp.248-249, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00186383

D. H. Reed, J. J. O'gradya, B. W. Brook, J. D. Ballouc, and R. Frankhama, Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates, Biological Conservation, vol.113, pp.23-24, 2003.

T. C. Rick and R. Lockwood, Integrating paleobiologyarcheology, and history to inform biological conservation, Conservation Biology, vol.27, pp.45-54, 2013.

J. Roman and S. R. Palumbi, Whales before whaling in the North Atlantic, Science, vol.301, pp.508-510, 2003.

F. Rousset, Genepop'007: a complete reimplementation of the Genepop software for Windows and Linux, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.8, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

S. Rozen and H. J. Skaletsky, Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers, Bioinformatics methods and protocols: methods in molecular biology, pp.365-386, 2000.

H. Seppä, A. E. Bjune, R. J. Telford, H. Birks, and S. Veski, Last nine-thousand years of temperature variability in Northern Europe, Climate of the Past, vol.5, 2009.

J. Swart, P. Reijnders, and W. Van-delden, Absence of genetic variation in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Dutch Wadden Sea and the British Wash, Conservation Biology, vol.10, pp.289-293, 1996.