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C. Lavigne, E. K. Klein, P. Vallee, J. Pierre, B. Godelle et al., A pollendispersal experiment with transgenic oilseed rape. Estimation of the average pollen dispersal of an individual plant within a field, Theor Appl Genet, vol.96, pp.886-896, 1998.
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M. Leflon, L. Grandont, F. Eber, V. Huteau, O. Coriton et al., Crossovers get a boost in Brassica allotriploid and allotetraploid hybrids, Plant Cell, vol.22, pp.2253-2264, 2010.
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, Persistence of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) outside of cultivated fields, Theor Appl Genet, vol.102, pp.841-846

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S. Pivard, K. Adamczyk, J. Lecomte, C. Lavigne, A. Bouvier et al., Where do the feral oilseed rape populations come from? A large-scale study of their possible origin in a farmland area, J Appl Ecol, vol.45, pp.476-485, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02661120

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S. Prakash and K. Hinata, Taxonomy, cytogenetics and origin of crop Brassicas, a review, Opera Bot, vol.55, pp.1-57, 1980.

M. A. Rieger, T. D. Potter, C. Preston, and S. B. Powles, Hybridisation between Brassica napus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L. under agronomic field conditions, Theor Appl Genet, vol.103, pp.555-560, 2001.

H. Saji, N. Nobuyoshi, A. Mitsuko, T. Masanori, K. Akihiro et al., Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.4, pp.217-222, 2005.

M. G. Schafer, A. A. Ross, J. P. Londo, C. A. Burdick, E. H. Lee et al., The establishment of genetically engineered canola populations in the US, PLoS One, vol.6, p.4, 2011.

K. Song and T. C. Osborn, Polyphyletic origins of Brassica napus -New evidence based on organelle and nuclear RFLP analyses, Genome, vol.35, pp.992-1001, 1992.

G. R. Squire, B. Breckling, A. D. Pfeilstetter, R. B. Jorgensen, J. Lecomte et al., Status of feral oilseed rape in Europe: its minor role as a GM impurity and its potential as a reservoir of transgene persistence, Environ Sci Pollut Res, vol.18, pp.111-115, 2011.

M. Von-der-lippe and I. Kowarik, Crop seed spillage along roads: a factor of uncertainty in the containment of GMO, Ecography, vol.30, pp.483-490, 2007.

S. I. Warwick, M. J. Simard, A. Legere, H. J. Beckie, L. Braun et al., Hybridization between transgenic Brassica napus L. and its wild relatives: Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Erucastrum gallicum, vol.107, pp.528-539, 2003.

. Aono, In addition, seed dormancy and pollen characteristics should be re-examined with appropriate experimental and statistical methodologies, Secondary dormancy has not been assessed. ports could be the result of gene flows between oilseed rape fields and feral populations, 2006.

M. Aono, W. Seiji, N. Masato, N. Nobuyoshi, T. Masanori et al., Detection of feral transgenic oilseed rape with multiple-herbicide resistance in Japan, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.5, pp.77-87, 2006.

M. Kawata, K. Murakami, and T. Ishikawa, Dispersal and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape around Japanese harbors, Environ Sci Pollut Res, vol.16, pp.120-126, 2009.

T. Nishizawa, N. Nobuyoshi, A. Mitsuko, T. Masanori, K. Akihiro et al., , 2009.

, Monitoring the occurrence of genetically modified oilseed rape growing along a Japanese roadside: 3-year observations, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.8, pp.33-44

H. Saji, N. Nobuyoshi, A. Mitsuko, T. Masanori, K. Akihiro et al., Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.4, pp.217-222, 2005.

, ) is followed in this dossier without taking into account the selection pressure from application of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Appendix 5), Problem formulation The step-by-step approach recommended by EFSA guidance, pp.40-48

, In France, glyphosate is the most widely used foliage-applied herbicide in non-agricultural zones, where it accounts for 30 to 40% of herbicide applications (information from Ministry of Agriculture experts)

. Efsa, EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO); Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants, The EFSA Journal, vol.8, issue.11, p.111, 2010.

, In many cases, environmental conditions at these sites are unlikely to be conducive to germination, growth and reproduction of oilseed rape destined for food and feed use. For example, processing facilities may have no or poor soil conditions, or routine roadside maintenance (mowing or other vegetation control measures), and MON 88302, like any other oilseed rape, is unlikely to effectively compete with perennial vegetation outside agricultural fields, Step 2: Hazard characterisation Main text (Part II, p.155

. Aono, or the oilseed rape GT73 populations recently detected in Switzerland in May 2012, occur in cleared areas where vegetation has already been eradicated through the addition of herbicides, Feral populations of oilseed rape in Japan, 2005.

M. Aono, W. Seiji, N. Masato, N. Nobuyoshi, T. Masanori et al., Detection of feral transgenic oilseed rape with multiple-herbicide resistance in Japan, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.5, pp.77-87, 2006.

M. Kawata, K. Murakami, and T. Ishikawa, Dispersal and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape around Japanese harbors, Environ Sci Pollut Res, vol.16, pp.120-126, 2009.

T. Nishizawa, N. Nobuyoshi, A. Mitsuko, T. Masanori, K. Akihiro et al., , 2009.

, Monitoring the occurrence of genetically modified oilseed rape growing along a Japanese roadside: 3-year observations, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.8, pp.33-44

H. Saji, N. Nobuyoshi, A. Mitsuko, T. Masanori, K. Akihiro et al., Monitoring the escape of transgenic oilseed rape around Japanese ports and roadsides, Environ Biosafety Res, vol.4, pp.217-222, 2005.

, low and the consequences of such an event, were it to happen, wholly negligible for human and animal health and the environment

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