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. .. Conclusions,

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. .. Références-bibliographiques-citées,

A. Mesures, . .. Vth, and . Hermitte, Hormis le cas particulier d'AMM pour les OGM (?), aucune raison de dangerosité du produit, de risque pour la santé ou pour l'environnement n'est évoquée, 2008.

V. En-présence-d'une and . Divisio, posée par le législateur, en termes d'éva-luation des risques sanitaires et écologiques avant une mise sur le marché, est donc celle qui consiste à distin-guer l'OGM, au sens de la Directive 2001/18/CE, soumis à une logique de précaution

, Les VTH se situent en conséquence au coeur d'une articulation assez "fine" entre droit commun (nécessité , il s'agit, pour M.A. Hermitte (1985) d'une question d'une grande technicité qui

. Ainsi, dans leur dimension matérielle, l'on perçoit la différence de traitement "juridique" entre les VTH GM et celles non-OGM sur le terrain principalement des procédures de délivrance des AMM

, Dans leur dimension immatérielle, elles sont au coeur d'un possible chevauchement technologique, une VTH pouvant héberger deux innovations : une création variétale (génotype protégé par COV) et une invention biotechnologique

L. Vth, Cette Convention reconnaît une protection sui-generis aux sélectionneurs. Ainsi, un certificat d'obtention végétale peut être délivré à un obtenteur ayant créé ou "découvert" une variété nouvelle. L'éligibilité d'une variété au COV est conditionnée par la satisfaction de quatre critères cumulatifs : la nouveauté, 1978.

. Ainsi, En effet, nous sommes en présence d'un droit de propriété "intellectuelle" qui, par essence, porte sur une invention, c'est-à-dire une information. Cette information est génétique. Elle est brevetable sous réserve d'être "fonctionnelle", c'est-à-dire d'être en mesure de s'exprimer dans un contenant biologique. Si la matière biologique n'est pas l'objet de l'invention, elle sera l'objet de la "réservation". Ainsi, à défaut d'expression de l'information génétique, 2010.

, En présence d'une VTH, il est avant tout question d'une "plante

, Ce produit est alors revendiqué comme étant produit par un procédé (cela peut être, sur le principe, un procédé de mutagenèse), si celui-ci peut être décrit de manière reproductible, A côté de ces revendications de produit "classiques", on identifie les revendications dites, 2006.

, Sans entrer dans des détails trop abscons, il en découle deux enseignements : -D'une part, en matière de transgenèse, une plante TH peut être obtenue par l'insertion d'un transgène qui

, ), plusieurs précisé qu'il fallait "peser soigneusement d'une part, les risques éventuels pour l'environnement, Évolution et implications du droit des brevets dans le domaine de la biotechnologie et du génie génétique, COM, 2002.

, Ne sont pas brevetables les inventions dont l'exploitation commerciale serait contraire à la dignité de la personne humaine

, JOOEB 8/1995. 5.2.1.1.1. L'impact de la coexistence sur le "bien-être" des différents acteurs impliqués, plusieurs biens sont identifiés (OGM et non-OGM dans certains cas et OGM, non-OGM et bio dans d'autres), 1995.

, Wilson et al (2008b) considèrent un marché composé de deux biens, du blé RoundUp® Ready et du blé non-GM IP (Identity Preservation). rapport CoExtra

, Il existe cependant des incertitudes sur le fondement permettant la mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité de l'État français, comme l'explique Laurent Verdier dans sa thèse, 2003.

, Au-delà de la responsabilité des Etats, il serait possible d'envisager de poursuivre directement les organes d'expertise suite à leurs avis, 2003.

, Rapport du 20 avril 2011 sur la proposition de règlement du Parlement européen et du Conseil modifiant la directive 2001/18/CE en ce qui concerne la possibilité pour les États membres de restreindre ou d'interdire la culture d'OGM sur leur territoire, Commission européenne, 13 juillet 2010. Voir à ce sujet, revue de droit rural numéro 386, octobre 2010 alerte 115, p.375, 2010.

, OGM: Lepage veut clarifier la proposition de Bruxelles, Eur activ « Les Etats pourront interdire les OGM pour des raisons d'ordre public », EurActiv.fr , 08.02, 2011.

, Alerte 115, revue de droit rural, vol.386, 2010.

, En droit français, c'est notamment le Code de l'environnement qui prévoit ces procédures d'autorisation préalable. S'agissant de l'utilisation confinée, il est prévu une autorisation lors de l'installation (article L 515-13 du Code de l'environnement), d'une part et une procédure d

, 2.2.2.2 La fonction réparatrice de la responsabilité

, Concernant la fonction réparatrice de la responsabilité, et s'agissant des VTH OGM, deux types de textes peuvent tout de même s'appliquer : le droit spécifique aux OGM

, S'agissant du régime spécifique des OGM, il existe quelques articles l'étudiant, parmi lesquels on peut citer l'article de Cécile Moiroud, 2006.

, On peut citer par exemple la responsabilité environnementale (Cans,2009), la responsabilité des produits défectueux (Cassin,1999), les troubles du voisinage, la responsabilité des faits des choses que l'on a sous sa garde (Bailly, 2006 ou Baudin Maurin, 2007.

, Rapport du Conseil national de la consommation relatif à la valorisation des filières n'utilisant pas d'OGM, BO DGCCRF du 25 juin 2009 -Numéro 6, qui évoque un arrêt du tribunal correctionnel de sens de, 2006.

, Recommandation du Haut Conseil des biotechnologies, comité économique, éthique et social, recommandation sur la définition des filières dites "sans OGM

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G. A. Kleter, R. Bhula, K. Bodnaruk, E. Carazo, A. S. Felsot et al., Altered pesticide use on transgenic crops and the associated general impact from an environmental perspective, Pest Management Science, vol.63, issue.11, pp.1107-1115, 2007.

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M. C. Marra, P. G. Pardey, and J. M. Alston, The payoffs to transgenic field crops: an assessment of the evidence, AgBioForum, vol.5, issue.2, pp.43-50, 2002.

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, Section 5.2.2 L'analyse juridique de la traçabilité, de la responsabilité et de l'étiquetage

, Maïs comprenant du maïs génétiquement modifié : respect de la loyauté des transactions est mis en place d'un autocontrole obligatoire

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L. Examinera, dans la mesure où des publications scientifiques sont disponibles, les effets économiques de l'emploi des VTH