G. Balsamo, C. Albergel, A. Beljaars, S. Boussetta, E. Brun et al., ERA-Interim/Land: a global land surface reanalysis data set, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.19, issue.1, pp.389-407, 2015.

G. Krinner,

T. P. Barnett, J. C. Adam, and D. P. Lettenmaier, Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions, Nature, vol.438, issue.7066, pp.303-309, 2005.

T. B. Barnhart, N. P. Molotch, B. Livneh, A. A. Harpold, J. F. Knowles et al., Snowmelt rate dictates streamflow, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.43, pp.8006-8016, 2016.

P. A. Bartlett, M. D. Mackay, and D. L. Verseghy, Modified snow algorithms in the Canadian land surface scheme: Model runs and sensitivity analysis at three boreal forest stands, Atmosphere-Ocean, vol.44, issue.3, pp.207-222, 2006.

M. J. Best, M. Pryor, D. B. Clark, G. G. Rooney, R. L. Essery et al., The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description -Part 1: Energy and water fluxes, vol.4, pp.677-699, 2011.

A. K. Betts, R. Desjardins, D. Worth, S. Wang, L. et al., Coupling of winter climate transitions to snow and clouds over the Prairies, J. Geophys. Res, vol.119, pp.1118-1139, 2014.

B. K. Biskaborn, J. Lanckman, H. Lantuit, K. Elger, D. A. Streletskiy et al., The new database of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost, vol.7, pp.245-259, 2015.

E. Blanchard-wrigglesworth, S. L. Farrell, T. Newman, and C. M. Bitz, Snow cover on Arctic sea ice in observations and an Earth System Model, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.42, pp.10342-10348, 2015.

J. Boike, I. Juszak, S. Lange, S. Chadburn, E. Burke et al., A 20-year record (1998-2017) of permafrost, active layer and meteorological conditions at a high Arctic permafrost research site (Bayelva, Spitsbergen), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, vol.10, pp.355-390, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02608576

G. B. Bonan, S. Levis, L. Kergoat, and K. W. Oleson, Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.16, pp.5-6, 2002.

S. Bontemps, M. Herold, L. Kooistra, A. Van-groenestijn, A. Hartley et al., Revisiting land cover observation to address the needs of the climate modeling community, Biogeosciences, vol.9, pp.2145-2157, 2012.

S. Bony, R. Colman, V. M. Kattsov, R. P. Allan, C. S. Bretherton et al., How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes?, J. Climate, vol.19, pp.3445-3482, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716782

A. Boone and P. Etchevers, An Intercomparison of Three Snow Schemes of Varying Complexity Coupled to the Same Land Surface Model: Local-Scale Evaluation at an Alpine Site, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.2, pp.374-394, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02269594

A. Boone and P. Etchevers, An Intercomparison of Three Snow Schemes of Varying Complexity Coupled to the Same Land Surface Model: Local-Scale Evaluation at an Alpine Site, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.2, issue.4, pp.374-394, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02269594

L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier, B. Nijssen, L. P. Graham, D. B. Clark et al., Simulation of high-latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix basin: PILPS Phase 2(e) 1: Experiment description and summary intercomparisons, Global Planet, Change, vol.38, pp.1-30, 2003.

F. J. Braun and G. Schädler, Comparison of Soil Hydraulic Parameterizations for Mesoscale Meteorological Models, J. Appl. Meteorol, vol.44, pp.1116-1132, 2005.

R. D. Brown and P. W. Mote, The Response of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover to a Changing Climate*, Journal of Climate, vol.22, issue.8, pp.2124-2145, 2009.

E. Brun, V. Vionnet, A. Boone, B. Decharme, Y. Peings et al., Simulation of Northern Eurasian Local Snow Depth, Mass, and Density Using a Detailed Snowpack Model and Meteorological Reanalyses, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.203-219, 2013.

C. M. Carmagnola, F. Domine, M. Dumont, P. Wright, B. Strellis et al., Snow spectral albedo at Summit, Greenland: measurements and numerical simulations based on physical and chemical properties of the snowpack, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1139-1160, 2013.

I. Chapin, F. S. Sturm, M. Serreze, M. C. Mcfadden, J. P. Key et al., Role of Land-Surface Changes in Arctic Summer Warming, vol.310, pp.657-660, 2005.

M. P. Clark, B. Nijssen, J. D. Lundquist, D. Kavetski, D. E. Rupp et al., A unified approach for process?based hydrologic modeling: 2. Model implementation and case studies, Water Resources Research, vol.51, issue.4, pp.2515-2542, 2015.

J. L. Cohen, J. C. Furtado, M. A. Barlow, V. A. Alexeev, and J. E. Cherry, Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.7, p.11004, 2012.

M. Collins, R. Knutti, J. Arblaster, J. Dufresne, T. Fichefet et al., Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.1029-1136, 2013.

B. I. Cook, G. B. Bonan, S. Levis, and H. E. Epstein, The thermoinsulation effect of snow cover within a climate model, Climate Dynamics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.107-124, 2007.

P. M. Cox, R. A. Betts, C. B. Bunton, R. L. Essery, P. R. Rowntree et al., The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity, Clim. Dynam, vol.15, pp.183-203, 1999.

M. Cuntz and V. Haverd, Physically Accurate Soil Freeze-Thaw Processes in a Global Land Surface Scheme, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, vol.10, issue.1, pp.54-77, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02739502

Y. Dai, X. Zeng, R. E. Dickinson, I. Baker, G. B. Bonan et al., The Common Land Model, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.84, issue.8, pp.1013-1024, 2003.

B. Decharme, E. Brun, A. Boone, C. Delire, P. Le-moigne et al., Impacts of snow and organic soils parameterization on northern Eurasian soil temperature profiles simulated by the ISBA land surface model, The Cryosphere, vol.10, pp.853-877, 2016.

C. Derksen and R. Brown, Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008-2012 period exceeding climate model projections, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.39, pp.1-6, 2012.

C. Derksen and R. Brown, Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008-2012 period exceeding climate model projections, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.39, issue.19, pp.n/a-n/a, 2012.

C. Derksen, A. Silis, M. Sturm, J. Holmgren, G. E. Liston et al., Northwest Territories and Nunavut Snow Characteristics from a Subarctic Traverse: Implications for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.10, issue.2, pp.448-463, 2009.

S. J. Déry and R. D. Brown, Recent Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent trends and implications for the snow-albedo feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.34, pp.2-7, 2007.

P. A. Dirmeyer, S. Kumar, M. J. Fennessy, E. L. Altshuler, T. Delsole et al., Model estimates of land-driven predictability in a changing climate from CCSM4, J. Climate, vol.26, pp.8495-8512, 2013.

F. Domine, M. Barrere, and D. Sarrazin, Seasonal evolution of the effective thermal conductivity of the snow and the soil in high Arctic herb tundra at Bylot Island, Canada, The Cryosphere, vol.10, pp.2573-2588, 2016.

E. Dutra, G. Balsamo, P. Viterbo, P. M. Miranda, A. Beljaars et al., An Improved Snow Scheme for the ECMWF Land Surface Model: Description and Offline Validation, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.11, pp.899-916, 2010.

E. Dutra, G. Balsamo, P. Viterbo, P. M. Miranda, A. Beljaars et al., An Improved Snow Scheme for the ECMWF Land Surface Model: Description and Offline Validation, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.899-916, 2010.

A. Ekici, C. Beer, S. Hagemann, J. Boike, M. Langer et al., Simulating high-latitude permafrost regions by the JSBACH terrestrial ecosystem model, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.7, issue.2, pp.631-647, 2014.

R. Essery, Large-scale simulations of snow albedo masking by forests, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.40, issue.20, pp.5521-5525, 2013.

R. Essery, Large-scale simulations of snow albedo masking by forests, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.40, issue.20, pp.5521-5525, 2013.

R. Essery, N. Rutter, J. Pomeroy, R. Baxter, M. Stähli et al., SNOWMIP2: An Evaluation of Forest Snow Process Simulations, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.90, issue.8, pp.1120-1136, 2009.

R. Essery, N. Rutter, J. Pomeroy, R. Baxter, M. Stähli et al., SNOWMIP2: An Evaluation of Forest Snow Process Simulations, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.90, issue.8, pp.1120-1136, 2009.

R. Essery, S. Morin, Y. Lejeune, and C. B-ménard, A comparison of 1701 snow models using observations from an alpine site, Advances in Water Resources, vol.55, pp.131-148, 2013.

P. Etchevers, E. Martin, R. Brown, C. Fierz, Y. Lejeune et al., Validation of the energy budget of an alpine snowpack simulated by several snow models (Snow MIP project), Annals of Glaciology, vol.38, pp.150-158, 2004.

V. Eyring, S. Bony, G. A. Meehl, C. A. Senior, B. Stevens et al., Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.9, 1937.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01339069

M. G. Flanner, C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, and P. J. Rasch, Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.112, pp.1-17, 2007.

M. G. Flanner, K. M. Shell, M. Barlage, D. K. Perovich, M. A. Tschudi et al., Highlighting continued uncertainty in global land cover maps for the user community, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.4, p.44005, 1979.

J. C. Fyfe, C. Derksen, L. Mudryk, G. M. Flato, B. D. Santer et al., Large near-Term projected snowpack loss over the western United States, Nat. Commun, vol.8, pp.1-7, 2017.

W. L. Gates, I. Gouttevin, M. Menegoz, F. Dominé, G. Krinner et al., AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.73, issue.12, pp.1962-1970, 1992.

I. Gouttevin, M. Menegoz, F. Dominé, G. Krinner, C. Koven et al., How the insulating properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol.117, issue.G2, pp.n/a-n/a, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02929382

P. M. Groffman, C. T. Driscoll, T. J. Fahey, A. , and E. , Colder soils in a warmer world: A snowmanipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.135-150, 2001.

Y. M. Gusev and O. N. Nasonova, The simulation of heat and water exchange in the boreal spruce forest by the land-surf ace model SWAP, J. Hydrol, vol.280, issue.03, p.221, 2003.

R. J. Harding and J. W. Pomeroy, The energy balance of the winter boreal landscape, J. Climate, vol.9, pp.2778-2787, 1996.

A. J. Hartley, N. Macbean, G. Georgievski, and S. Bontemps, Uncertainty in plant functional type distributions and its impact on land surface models, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.20, pp.71-89, 2017.

M. Herold, P. Mayaux, C. E. Woodcock, A. Baccini, and C. Schmullius, Some challenges in global land cover mapping: An assessment of agreement and accuracy in existing 1 km datasets, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.112, pp.2538-2556, 2008.

P. J. Hezel, X. Zhang, C. M. Bitz, B. P. Kelly, and F. Massonnet, Projected decline in spring snow depth on Arctic sea ice caused by progressively later autumn open ocean freeze-up this century, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.39, pp.6-11, 2012.

H. Kim, Global Soil Wetness Project Phase 3 Atmospheric Boundary Conditions (Experiment 1) [Data set, Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS), 2017.

C. D. Koven, W. J. Riley, and A. Stern, Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models, Journal of Climate, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1877-1900, 2013.

M. Lafaysse, B. Cluzet, M. Dumont, Y. Lejeune, V. Vionnet et al., A multiphysical ensemble system of numerical snow modelling, The Cryosphere, vol.11, pp.1173-1198, 2017.

C. C. Landry, K. A. Buck, M. S. Raleigh, and M. P. Clark, A new integrative data source to develop and evaluate models of snow and hydrologic processes, Water Resour. Res, vol.50, pp.1773-1788, 2014.

D. M. Lawrence, A. G. Slater, V. E. Romanovsky, and D. J. Nicolsky, Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, vol.113, 2008.

D. M. Lawrence, A. G. Slater, V. E. Romanovsky, and D. J. Nicolsky, Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.113, issue.F2, 2008.

M. Lehning, P. Bartelt, B. Brown, T. Russi, U. Stöckli et al., snowpack model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol.30, issue.1-3, pp.145-157, 1999.

Y. Lejeune, M. Dumont, J. Panel, M. Lafaysse, P. Lapalus et al., 57 years (1960-2017) of snow and meteorological observations from a mid-altitude mountain site (Col de Porte, France, 1325 m alt, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss, 2018.

P. Lewis, L. Guanter, G. Lopez-saldana, J. P. Muller, G. Watson et al., The ESA globAlbedo project: Algorithm, 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp.5745-5748, 2012.

Q. Libois, G. Picard, L. Arnaud, M. Dumont, M. Lafaysse et al., Summertime evolution of snow specific surface area close to the surface on the Antarctic Plateau, The Cryosphere, vol.9, issue.6, pp.2383-2398, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01328484

M. M. Loranty, L. T. Berner, S. J. Goetz, Y. Jin, and J. T. Randerson, Vegetation controls on northern high latitude snow-albedo feedback: Observations and CMIP5 model simulations, Glob. Change Biol, vol.20, pp.594-606, 2014.

J. Magnusson, N. Wever, R. Essery, N. Helbig, A. Winstral et al., Evaluating snow models with varying process representations for hydrological applications, Water Resources Research, vol.51, issue.4, pp.2707-2723, 2015.

T. Marke, E. Mair, K. Förster, F. Hanzer, J. Garvelmann et al., ESCIMO.spread (v2): parameterization of a spreadsheet-based energy balance snow model for inside-canopy conditions, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.9, pp.633-646, 2016.

R. A. Melloh, J. P. Hardy, R. N. Bailey, and T. J. Hall, An efficient snow albedo model for the open and sub-canopy, Hydrol. Process, vol.16, pp.3571-3584, 2002.

P. W. Mote, S. Li, D. P. Lettenmaier, M. Xiao, and R. Engel, Dramatic declines in snowpack in the western US, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, vol.1, issue.1, pp.8037-8051, 2018.

L. R. Mudryk, C. Derksen, P. J. Kushner, and R. Brown, Characterization of Northern Hemisphere Snow Water Equivalent Datasets, 1981?2010, Journal of Climate, vol.28, issue.20, pp.8037-8051, 2015.

B. Nijssen, L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier, D. B. Clark, M. Maayar et al., Simulation of high latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix basin: PILPS phase 2(e) -2: Comparison of model results with observations, Global Planet, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, vol.38, pp.65-78, 2003.

A. W. Nolin and C. Daly, Mapping "At Risk" Snow in the Pacific Northwest, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.7, pp.1164-1171, 2006.

K. W. Oleson, Y. Dai, G. Bonan, R. Dickinson, P. Dirmeyer et al., Technical Description of the Community Land Model (CLM), 2004.

E. Palazzi, L. Filippi, and J. Von-hardenberg, Insights into elevation-dependent warming in the Tibetan Plateau-Himalayas from CMIP5 model simulations, Climate Dynamics, vol.48, issue.11-12, pp.3991-4008, 2016.

H. Park, A. N. Fedorov, M. N. Zheleznyak, P. Y. Konstantinov, and J. E. Walsh, Effect of snow cover on pan-Arctic permafrost thermal regimes, Clim. Dynam, vol.44, pp.2873-2895, 2015.

N. Pepin, R. S. Bradley, H. F. Diaz, M. Baraer, E. B. Caceres et al., Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world, Nature Climate Change, vol.5, issue.5, pp.424-430, 2015.

F. Pithan and T. Mauritsen, Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models, Nat. Geosci, vol.7, pp.181-184, 2014.

J. Pomeroy, X. Fang, E. , and C. , Sensitivity of snowmelt hydrology in Marmot Creek, Alberta, to forest cover disturbance, vol.26, pp.1891-1904, 2012.

J. W. Pomeroy and H. G. Jones, Wind-Blown Snow: Sublimation, Transport and Changes to Polar Snow, Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow, vol.43, pp.453-489, 1996.

B. Poulter, P. Ciais, E. Hodson, H. Lischke, F. Maignan et al., Plant functional type mapping for earth system models, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.4, issue.4, pp.993-1010, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02929051

B. Poulter, P. Ciais, E. Hodson, H. Lischke, F. Maignan et al., Plant functional type mapping for earth system models, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.4, issue.4, pp.993-1010, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02929051

J. Pulliainen, M. Aurela, T. Laurila, T. Aalto, M. Takala et al., Early snowmelt significantly enhances boreal springtime carbon uptake, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.114, pp.11081-11086, 2017.

X. Qu and A. Hall, On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback, Clim. Dynam, vol.42, pp.69-81, 2014.

J. Räisänen, Warmer climate: Less or more snow?, Clim. Dynam, vol.30, pp.307-319, 2008.

M. S. Raleigh, J. D. Lundquist, and M. P. Clark, Exploring the impact of forcing error characteristics on physically based snow simulations within a global sensitivity analysis framework, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, vol.19, pp.3153-3179, 2015.

M. L. Reba, D. Marks, M. Seyfried, A. Winstral, M. Kumar et al., A long-term data set for hydrologic modeling in a snow-dominated mountain catchment, Water Resour. Res, vol.47, pp.1-7, 2011.

M. M. Rienecker, M. J. Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister et al.,

A. Silva, W. Gu, J. Joiner, R. D. Koster, R. Lucchesi et al., MERRA: NASA's modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, J. Climate, vol.24, pp.3624-3648, 2011.

D. A. Robinson, D. K. Hall, and T. L. Mote, MEaSUREs Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial Snow Cover Extent Daily 25 km EASE-Grid 2.0, Version 1, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, 2014.

M. Rodell, P. R. Houser, U. Jambor, J. Gottschalck, K. Mitchell et al., The Global Land Data Assimilation System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.85, pp.381-394, 2004.

E. Roeckner, G. Bäuml, L. Bonaventura, R. Brokopft, M. Esch et al., The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5 -Part I?: Model description, MIP Rep, 2003.

N. Rutter, R. Essery, J. Pomeroy, N. Altimir, K. Andreadis et al., Evaluation of forest snow processes models (SnowMIP2), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.114, 2009.

C. B. Schaaf, F. Gao, A. H. Strahler, W. Lucht, X. Li et al., First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.83, pp.135-148, 2002.

S. Schlögl, C. Marty, M. Bavay, and M. Lehning, Sensitivity of Alpine3D modeled snow cover to modifications in DEM resolution, station coverage and meteorological input quantities, Environ. Modell. Softw, vol.83, pp.387-396, 2016.

S. Schlögl, C. Marty, M. Bavay, and M. Lehning, Sensitivity of Alpine3D modeled snow cover to modifications in DEM resolution, station coverage and meteorological input quantities, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.83, pp.387-396, 2016.

G. Schwaizer, E. Ripper, T. Nagler, R. Fernandes, S. Metsämäki et al., ESA QA4EO SnowPEx -The Satellite Snow Product Intercomparison and Evaluation Experiment: Final Snow Product Intercomparison and Validation Report (Del. 13), p.123, 2014.

S. I. Seneviratne, D. Lüthi, M. Litschi, and C. Schär, Land?atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe, Nature, vol.443, issue.7108, pp.205-209, 2006.

S. I. Seneviratne, D. Lüthi, M. Litschi, and C. Schär, Land?atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe, Nature, vol.443, issue.7108, pp.205-209, 2006.

M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry, Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis, Global Planet, Change, vol.77, pp.85-96, 2011.

D. Singh, M. G. Flanner, and J. Perket, The global land shortwave cryosphere radiative effect during the MODIS era, The Cryosphere, vol.9, pp.2057-2070, 2015.

A. G. Slater, C. A. Schlosser, C. E. Desborough, A. J. Pitman, A. Henderson-sellers et al., The Representation of Snow in Land Surface Schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d), J. Hydrometeorol, vol.2, pp.7-25, 2001.

A. G. Slater, C. A. Schlosser, C. E. Desborough, A. J. Pitman, A. Henderson-sellers et al., The Representation of Snow in Land Surface Schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d), Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.7-25, 2001.

T. G. Smirnova, J. M. Brown, S. G. Benjamin, and J. S. Kenyon, Modifications to the Rapid Update Cycle Land Surface Model (RUC LSM) Available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.144, pp.1851-1865, 2016.

D. M. Smith, J. A. Screen, C. Deser, J. Cohen, J. C. Fyfe et al., The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss, vol.17, pp.2511-2535, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02391671

M. Sturm, J. Holmgren, M. König, K. Morris, M. Sturm et al., Snow-shrub interactions in Arctic Tundra: A hypothesis with climatic implications, J. Glaciol, vol.43, pp.336-344, 1997.

M. Sturm, M. A. Goldstein, and C. Parr, Water and life from snow: A trillion dollar science question, Water Resources Research, vol.53, issue.5, pp.3534-3544, 2017.

M. Takala, K. Luojus, J. Pulliainen, C. Derksen, J. Lemmetyinen et al., Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and groundbased measurements, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.115, pp.3517-3529, 2011.

H. Tatebe, T. Ogura, T. Nitta, Y. Komuro, K. Ogochi et al., Description and basic evaluation of simulated mean state, internal variability, and climate sensitivity in MIROC6, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss, 2018.

C. W. Thackeray, C. G. Fletcher, and C. Derksen, Quantifying the skill of CMIP5 models in simulating seasonal albedo and snow cover evolution, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.120, issue.12, pp.5831-5849, 2015.

C. W. Thackeray, C. G. Fletcher, L. R. Mudryk, and C. Derksen, Quantifying the Uncertainty in Historical and Future Simulations of Northern Hemisphere Spring Snow Cover, Journal of Climate, vol.29, issue.23, pp.8647-8663, 2016.

D. V. Turkov and V. S. Sokratov, Calculating of snow cover characteristics on a plain territory using the model SPONSOR and data of reanalyses (by the example of Moscow region), Ice and Snow, vol.56, issue.3, pp.369-380, 2016.

S. Vavrus, The role of terrestrial snow cover in the climate system, Clim. Dynam, vol.29, pp.73-88, 2007.

A. D. Vernekar, J. Zhou, and J. Shukla, The Effect of Eurasian Snow Cover on the Indian Monsoon, J. Climate, vol.8, pp.248-266, 2010.

V. Vionnet, E. Brun, S. Morin, A. Boone, S. Faroux et al., The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.5, issue.3, pp.773-791, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844645

L. Wang, J. N. Cole, P. Bartlett, D. Verseghy, C. Derksen et al., Investigating the spread in surface albedo for snow-covered forests in CMIP5 models, J. Geophys. Res, vol.121, pp.1104-1119, 2016.

L. Wang, J. N. Cole, P. Bartlett, D. Verseghy, C. Derksen et al., Investigating the spread in surface albedo for snow?covered forests in CMIP5 models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.121, issue.3, pp.1104-1119, 2016.

X. Wang and J. R. Key, Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties Based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Dataset. Part II: Recent Trends, Journal of Climate, vol.18, issue.14, pp.2575-2593, 2005.

L. Xu and P. Dirmeyer, Snow-atmosphere coupling strength in a global atmospheric model, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.38, pp.1-5, 2011.

T. Zhang, Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Rev. Geophys, vol.43, 2005.