L. ?imo, M. Kazimirova, J. Richardson, and S. I. Bonnet, The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.7, 2017.

F. Dantas-torres, B. B. Chomel, and D. Otranto, Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a One Health perspective, Trends in Parasitology, vol.28, issue.10, pp.437-446, 2012.

J. Ferrolho, S. Antunes, A. S. Santos, R. Velez, L. Padre et al., Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Theileria spp. and Anaplasma marginale in Rhipicephalus bursa in Portugal, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.7, issue.3, pp.443-448, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02629960

M. M. Santos-silva, L. Beati, A. S. Santos, R. De-sousa, M. S. Núncio et al., The hard-tick fauna of mainland Portugal (Acari: Ixodidae): an update on geographical distribution and known associations with hosts and pathogens, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.85-121, 2011.

A. D. Mihalca, M. O. Dumitrache, C. Magda?, C. M. Gherman, C. Dom?a et al., Synopsis of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Romania with update on host associations and geographical distribution, Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol.58, issue.2, pp.183-206, 2012.

S. Ranjbar-bahadori, B. Eckert, Z. Omidian, N. S. Shirazi, and P. Shayan, Babesia ovis as the main causative agent of sheep babesiosis in Iran, Parasitology Research, vol.110, issue.4, pp.1531-1536, 2011.

M. R. Rjeibi, M. Gharbi, M. Mhadhbi, W. Mabrouk, B. Ayari et al., Prevalence of piroplasms in small ruminants in North-West Tunisia and the first genetic characterisation ofBabesia ovisin Africa, Parasite, vol.21, p.23, 2014.

B. Esmaeilnejad, M. Tavassoli, S. Asri-rezaei, and B. Dalir-naghadeh, Evaluation of antioxidant status and oxidative stress in sheep naturally infected with Babesia ovis, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.185, issue.2-4, pp.124-130, 2012.

F. Sevinc, L. Guler, M. Sevinc, O. D. Ekici, and N. Isik, Determination of immunoreactive proteins of Babesia ovis, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.198, issue.3-4, pp.391-395, 2013.

O. Erster, A. Roth, R. Wolkomirsky, B. Leibovich, I. Savitzky et al., Transmission of Babesia ovis by different Rhipicephalus bursa developmental stages and infected blood injection, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.7, issue.1, pp.13-19, 2016.

A. Hurtado, J. F. Barandika, B. Oporto, E. Minguijón, I. Povedano et al., Risks of suffering tick-borne diseases in sheep translocated to a tick infested area: A laboratory approach for the investigation of an outbreak, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.6, issue.1, pp.31-37, 2015.

F. Sevinc, M. Zhou, S. Cao, O. Ceylan, M. F. Aydin et al., Haemoparasitic agents associated with ovine babesiosis: A possible negative interaction between Babesia ovis and Theileria ovis, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.252, pp.143-147, 2018.

M. M. Haghi, F. Etemadifar, M. Fakhar, S. H. Teshnizi, M. Soosaraei et al., Status of babesiosis among domestic herbivores in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Parasitology Research, vol.116, issue.4, pp.1101-1109, 2017.

A. Domingos, S. Antunes, L. Borges, and V. E. Rosario, Approaches towards tick and tick-borne diseases control, Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, vol.46, issue.3, pp.265-269, 2013.

P. Vudriko, J. Okwee-acai, D. S. Tayebwa, J. Byaruhanga, S. Kakooza et al., Emergence of multi-acaricide resistant Rhipicephalus ticks and its implication on chemical tick control in Uganda, Parasites & Vectors, vol.9, issue.1, 2016.

C. Belloli, O. R. Lai, P. Ormas, C. Zizzadoro, G. Sasso et al., Pharmacokinetics and Mammary Elimination of Imidocarb in Sheep and Goats, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.89, issue.7, pp.2465-2472, 2006.

N. Mchardy, R. M. Woollon, R. B. Clampitt, J. A. James, and R. J. Crawley, Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep, Research in Veterinary Science, vol.41, issue.1, pp.14-20, 1986.

J. De-la-fuente, S. Antunes, S. Bonnet, A. Cabezas-cruz, A. G. Domingos et al., Tick-Pathogen Interactions and Vector Competence: Identification of Molecular Drivers for Tick-Borne Diseases, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.7, p.114, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01607008

N. Ayllón, M. Villar, A. T. Busby, K. M. Kocan, E. F. Blouin et al., Anaplasma phagocytophilum Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement for Infection of Tick Cells, Infection and Immunity, vol.81, issue.7, pp.2415-2425, 2013.

N. Ayllón, M. Villar, R. C. Galindo, K. M. Kocan, R. ?íma et al., Systems Biology of Tissue-Specific Response to Anaplasma phagocytophilum Reveals Differentiated Apoptosis in the Tick Vector Ixodes scapularis, PLOS Genetics, vol.11, issue.3, p.e1005120, 2015.

A. Cabezas-cruz, P. J. Espinosa, D. A. Obregón, P. Alberdi, and J. De-la-fuente, Ixodes scapularis Tick Cells Control Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection by Increasing the Synthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate from Tyrosine, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.7, p.375, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02622695

A. Cabezas-cruz, P. Alberdi, J. J. Valdés, M. Villar, and J. De-la-fuente, Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection Subverts Carbohydrate Metabolic Pathways in the Tick Vector, Ixodes scapularis, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.7, issue.23, 2017.

S. Antunes, C. Rosa, J. Couto, J. Ferrolho, and A. Domingos, Deciphering Babesia-Vector Interactions, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.7, p.429, 2017.

J. De-la-fuente, P. Kopá?ek, A. Lew-tabor, and C. Maritz-olivier, Strategies for new and improved vaccines against ticks and tick-borne diseases, Parasite Immunology, vol.38, issue.12, pp.754-769, 2016.

J. De-la-fuente, M. Contreras, A. Estrada-peña, and A. Cabezas-cruz, Targeting a global health problem: Vaccine design and challenges for the control of tick-borne diseases, Vaccine, vol.35, issue.38, pp.5089-5094, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02622789

J. R. Sauer, R. C. Essenberg, and A. S. Bowman, Salivary glands in ixodid ticks: control and mechanism of secretion, Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.46, issue.7, pp.1069-1078, 2000.

M. Kazimírová and I. ?tibrániová, Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.3, p.43, 2013.

M. H. De-castro, D. De-klerk, R. Pienaar, A. A. Latif, D. J. Rees et al., De novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.7, issue.4, pp.536-548, 2016.

H. N. Moreira, R. M. Barcelos, P. M. Vidigal, R. C. Klein, C. E. Montandon et al., A deep insight into the whole transcriptome of midguts, ovaries and salivary glands of the Amblyomma sculptum tick, Parasitology International, vol.66, issue.2, pp.64-73, 2017.

Z. Zivkovic, E. Esteves, C. Almazán, S. Daffre, A. M. Nijhof et al., Differential expression of genes in salivary glands of male Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)microplus in response to infection with Anaplasma marginale, BMC Genomics, vol.11, issue.1, p.186, 2010.

K. L. Mcnally, D. N. Mitzel, J. M. Anderson, J. M. Ribeiro, J. G. Valenzuela et al., Differential salivary gland transcript expression profile in Ixodes scapularis nymphs upon feeding or flavivirus infection, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.3, issue.1, pp.18-26, 2012.

X. Yu, H. Gong, Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, J. Cao et al., Differential sialotranscriptomes of unfed and fed Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, with particular regard to differentially expressed genes of cysteine proteases, Parasites & Vectors, vol.8, issue.1, 2015.

W. J. L?amoreaux, L. Junaid, and S. Trevidi, Morphological evidence that salivary gland degeneration in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), involves programmed cell death, Tissue and Cell, vol.35, issue.2, pp.95-99, 2003.

I. M. Francischetti, A. Sa-nunes, B. J. Mans, I. M. Santos, and J. M. Ribeiro, The role of saliva in tick feeding, Frontiers in Bioscience, vol.Volume, issue.14, p.2051, 2009.

R. Bullard, P. Allen, C. Chao, J. Douglas, P. Das et al., Structural characterization of tick cement cones collected from in vivo and artificial membrane blood-fed Lone Star ticks (Amblyomma americanum), Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.7, issue.5, pp.880-892, 2016.

R. Bishop, B. Lambson, C. Wells, P. Pandit, J. Osaso et al., A cement protein of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus , located in the secretory e cell granules of the type III salivary gland acini, induces strong antibody responses in cattle, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.32, issue.7, pp.833-842, 2002.

S. Antunes, J. Couto, J. Ferrolho, F. Rodrigues, J. Nobre et al., Rhipicephalus bursa Sialotranscriptomic Response to Blood Feeding and Babesia ovis Infection: Identification of Candidate Protective Antigens, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.8, pp.1-17, 2018.

J. Perner, S. Kropá?ková, P. Kopá?ek, and J. M. Ribeiro, Sialome diversity of ticks revealed by RNAseq of single tick salivary glands, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.12, issue.4, p.e0006410, 2018.

M. Santos-silva and A. Filipe, Ciclos biológicos de ixodídeos (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) em condições de laboratório, Rev. Port. Ciências Veterinárias, vol.527, pp.143-148, 1998.

M. Akta?, K. Altay, and N. Dumanl?, Development of a polymerase chain reaction method for diagnosis of Babesia ovis infection in sheep and goats, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.277-281, 2005.

J. De-la-fuente, R. A. Van-den-bussche, T. M. Prado, and K. M. Kocan, Anaplasma marginale msp1 Genotypes Evolved under Positive Selection Pressure but Are Not Markers for Geographic Isolates, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.4, pp.1609-1616, 2003.

S. Harrus, A. Perlman-avrahami, K. Y. Mumcuoglu, D. Morick, O. Eyal et al., Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma platys, Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii and Babesia canis vogeli in ticks from Israel, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.17, issue.3, pp.459-463, 2011.

H. Inokuma, D. Raoult, and P. Brouqui, Detection of Ehrlichia platys DNA in Brown Dog Ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in Okinawa Island, Japan, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.38, issue.11, pp.4219-4221, 2000.

J. M. Gubbels, A. P. De-vos, M. Van-der-weide, J. Viseras, L. M. Schouls et al., Simultaneous Detection of BovineTheileria and Babesia Species by Reverse Line Blot Hybridization, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.37, issue.6, pp.1782-1789, 1999.

S. Artigas-jerónimo, P. Alberdi, M. Villar-rayo, A. Cabezas-cruz, P. J. Prados et al., Anaplasma phagocytophilum modifies tick cell microRNA expression and upregulates isc-mir-79 to facilitate infection by targeting the Roundabout protein 2 pathway, Scientific Reports, vol.9, issue.1, p.9073, 2019.

A. Estrada-peña, M. Villar, S. Artigas-jerónimo, V. López, P. Alberdi et al., Use of Graph Theory to Characterize Human and Arthropod Vector Cell Protein Response to Infection With Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.8, p.265, 2018.

A. Conesa, S. Gotz, J. M. Garcia-gomez, J. Terol, M. Talon et al., Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research, Bioinformatics, vol.21, issue.18, pp.3674-3676, 2005.

S. Götz, J. M. García-gómez, J. Terol, T. D. Williams, S. H. Nagaraj et al., High-throughput functional annotation and data mining with the Blast2GO suite, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.36, pp.3420-3435, 2008.

W. Walter, F. Sánchez-cabo, and M. Ricote, GOplot: an R package for visually combining expression data with functional analysis: Fig. 1., Bioinformatics, vol.31, issue.17, pp.2912-2914, 2015.

C. Yu, Y. Chen, C. Lu, and J. Hwang, Prediction of protein subcellular localization, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, vol.64, issue.3, pp.643-651, 2006.

A. Krogh, B. Larsson, G. Von-heijne, and E. L. Sonnhammer, Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden markov model: application to complete genomes11Edited by F. Cohen, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.305, issue.3, pp.567-580, 2001.

E. L. Sonnhammer, G. Von-heijne, and A. Krogh, A hidden Markov model for predicting transmembrane helices in protein sequences, Proc. Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Mol. Biol, vol.6, pp.175-182, 1998.

J. J. Almagro-armenteros, K. D. Tsirigos, C. K. Sønderby, T. N. Petersen, O. Winther et al., SignalP 5.0 improves signal peptide predictions using deep neural networks, Nature Biotechnology, vol.37, issue.4, pp.420-423, 2019.

A. S. Kolaskar and P. C. Tongaonkar, A semi-empirical method for prediction of antigenic determinants on protein antigens, FEBS Letters, vol.276, issue.1-2, pp.172-174, 1990.

P. Smialowski, A. J. Martin-galiano, A. Mikolajka, T. Girschick, T. A. Holak et al., Protein solubility: sequence based prediction and experimental verification, Bioinformatics, vol.23, issue.19, pp.2536-2542, 2006.

P. Smialowski, T. Schmidt, J. Cox, A. Kirschner, and D. Frishman, Will my protein crystallize? A sequence-based predictor, Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, vol.62, issue.2, pp.343-355, 2005.

S. Wold, J. Jonsson, M. Sjörström, M. Sandberg, and S. Rännar, DNA and peptide sequences and chemical processes multivariately modelled by principal component analysis and partial least-squares projections to latent structures, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.277, issue.2, pp.239-253, 1993.

J. Couto, S. Antunes, J. Ferrolho, J. De-la-fuente, and A. Domingos, Reduction of Mosquito Survival in Mice Vaccinated with Anopheles stephensi Glucose Transporter, BioMed Research International, vol.2017, pp.1-8, 2017.

A. Untergasser, I. Cutcutache, T. Koressaar, J. Ye, B. C. Faircloth et al., Primer3?new capabilities and interfaces, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.40, issue.15, pp.e115-e115, 2012.

J. Ye, G. Coulouris, I. Zaretskaya, I. Cutcutache, S. Rozen et al., Primer-BLAST: A tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.13, issue.1, 2012.

J. Ferrolho, S. Antunes, G. S. Sanches, J. Couto, P. M. Évora et al., Ferritin 1 silencing effect in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) during experimental infection with Ehrlichia canis, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.8, issue.1, pp.174-184, 2017.

A. M. Nijhof, J. A. Balk, M. Postigo, and F. Jongejan, Selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks and determination of the expression profile of Bm86, BMC Molecular Biology, vol.10, issue.1, p.112, 2009.

J. Vandesompele, K. De-preter, F. Pattyn, B. Poppe, N. Van-roy et al., Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes, Genome Biology, vol.3, issue.7, p.research0034.1, 2002.

M. W. Pfaff, A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.29, issue.9, pp.45e-45, 2001.

D. L. Taylor, L. Zhong, D. J. Begg, K. De-silva, and R. J. Whittington, Toll-like receptor genes are differentially expressed at the sites of infection during the progression of Johne's disease in outbred sheep, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, vol.124, issue.1-2, pp.132-151, 2008.

D. Dandasena, V. Bhandari, G. S. Sreenivasamurthy, S. Murthy, S. Roy et al., A Real-Time PCR based assay for determining parasite to host ratio and parasitaemia in the clinical samples of Bovine Theileriosis, Scientific Reports, vol.8, issue.1, 2018.

K. Charry, K. Coussement, N. Demoulin, and N. Heuvinck, Getting Started with IBM SPSS Statistics, Marketing Research with IBM® SPSS Statistics, vol.IBM, pp.1-30, 2016.

O. Irazoki, S. B. Hernandez, and F. Cava, Peptidoglycan Muropeptides: Release, Perception, and Functions as Signaling Molecules, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.10, 2019.

J. Couto, M. Tonk, J. Ferrolho, S. Antunes, A. Vilcinskas et al., Antiplasmodial activity of tick defensins in a mouse model of malaria, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, vol.9, issue.4, pp.844-849, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02624083

L. Schnittger, A. E. Rodriguez, M. Florin-christensen, and D. A. Morrison, Babesia: A world emerging, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.12, issue.8, pp.1788-1809, 2012.

M. Jalovecka, D. Sojka, M. Ascencio, and L. Schnittger, Babesia Life Cycle ? When Phylogeny Meets Biology, Trends in Parasitology, vol.35, issue.5, pp.356-368, 2019.

B. J. Mans and A. W. Neitz, Adaptation of ticks to a blood-feeding environment: evolution from a functional perspective, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.1-17, 2004.

S. Antunes, J. Couto, J. Ferrolho, G. S. Sanches, J. O. Merino-charrez et al., Transcriptome and Proteome Response of Rhipicephalus annulatus Tick Vector to Babesia bigemina Infection, Frontiers in Physiology, vol.10, 2019.

M. S. Severo, A. Choy, K. D. Stephens, O. S. Sakhon, G. Chen et al., The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase XIAP Restricts Anaplasma phagocytophilum Colonization of Ixodes scapularis Ticks, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.208, issue.11, pp.1830-1840, 2013.

L. Bedford, J. Lowe, L. R. Dick, R. J. Mayer, and J. E. Brownell, Ubiquitin-like protein conjugation and the ubiquitin?proteasome system as drug targets, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.10, issue.1, pp.29-46, 2010.

L. Tong, Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase: crucial metabolic enzyme and attractive target for drug discovery, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.62, issue.16, pp.1784-1803, 2005.

L. Sun and Z. J. Chen, The novel functions of ubiquitination in signaling, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.119-126, 2004.

D. Finley and V. Chau, Ubiquitination, Annual Review of Cell Biology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.25-69, 1991.

D. J. Katzmann, C. J. Stefan, M. Babst, and S. D. Emr, Vps27 recruits ESCRT machinery to endosomes during MVB sorting, Journal of Cell Biology, vol.162, issue.3, pp.413-423, 2003.

D. H. Walker, Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Infections: The Current State of Knowledge, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.45, issue.Supplement_1, pp.S39-S44, 2007.

Y. Liu, A. Beyer, and R. Aebersold, On the Dependency of Cellular Protein Levels on mRNA Abundance, Cell, vol.165, issue.3, pp.535-550, 2016.

D. Finley, E. Özkaynak, and A. Varshavsky, The yeast polyubiquitin gene is essential for resistance to high temperatures, starvation, and other stresses, Cell, vol.48, issue.6, pp.1035-1046, 1987.

D. K. Shaw, X. Wang, L. J. Brown, A. S. Chávez, K. E. Reif et al., Infection-derived lipids elicit an immune deficiency circuit in arthropods, Nature Communications, vol.8, issue.1, 2017.

L. Tong, Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.70, issue.5, pp.863-891, 2012.

L. Tong and H. J. Harwood, Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases: Versatile targets for drug discovery, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol.99, issue.6, pp.1476-1488, 2006.

J. W. Campbell and J. E. Cronan, Bacterial Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Targets for Antibacterial Drug Discovery, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.305-332, 2001.

M. Brock, Generation and Phenotypic Characterization of Aspergillus nidulans Methylisocitrate Lyase Deletion Mutants: Methylisocitrate Inhibits Growth and Conidiation, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.71, issue.9, pp.5465-5475, 2005.

F. Seeber, J. Limenitakis, and D. Soldati-favre, Apicomplexan mitochondrial metabolism: a story of gains, losses and retentions, Trends in Parasitology, vol.24, issue.10, pp.468-478, 2008.

R. Lizundia, D. Werling, G. Langsley, and S. A. Ralph, Theileria Apicoplast as a Target for Chemotherapy, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.3, pp.1213-1217, 2008.

S. Bork, N. Yokoyama, T. Matsuo, F. G. Claveria, K. Fujisaki et al., Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, and Clodinafop-propargyl as Potent Growth Inhibitors of Equine Babesia Parasites During In Vitro Culture, Journal of Parasitology, vol.89, issue.3, pp.604-606, 2003.

S. Bork, N. Yokoyama, T. Matsuo, F. G. Claveria, K. Fujisaki et al., Clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and clodinafop-propargyl inhibit the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis (Phylum Apicomplexa), Parasitology, vol.127, issue.4, pp.311-315, 2003.