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                <term xml:lang="en">apple trees</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Agroforesterie</term>
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              <p>Contemporary agriculture has to face new scientific and societal challenges (IAASTD 2009). Recent studies have shown that humanity will have to double agricultural production to meet the demand in 2050 (Ray et al. 2013). But agriculture needs to increase its production while addressing environmental concerns. Different solutions have been proposed in order to answer these challenges including new practices more resilient to external pressure (climatic disturbances, new diseases, economic crises) and more efficient (Foley et al. 2011). Agroforestry is the association, on a plot, of perennial and annual crops and possibly animals (Dupraz &amp;amp; Liagre 2011). Agroforestry systems (AFS) in temperate climate are mainly composed of two layers: the tree layer and the herb layer. However, an original timber-tree-based AFS could be enriched with fruit-trees in an intermediate vertical stratum. In such context, the interest but also the challenges of timber- and fruit-tree based AFS lie in: (i) fruit production, (ii) microclimate and plant ecophysiology and (iii) biocontrol of pests and diseases (Lauri et al. 2016). The apple-agroforestry experiment (Growing AgroForestry systems with Apple, GAFA) was set in 2016, combining hybrid walnut trees planted in 1995, apple trees planted in March 2016 and 5-year-old Lucerne. This work focuses on the effects of the distance between apple trees and walnuts, inducing presumably a gradient of competition, on various architectural and morphological aboveground features of the apple trees. The AFS reduced incoming light and global radiation but acted as a buffer on temperatures. These modification on the aboveground environment of the AFS induced a buffer effect on water potential daily evolution (Ψ) as well as different growth strategy of the apple tree in their second year. There was a difference in the AF apple trees stem geometry (higher slenderness and lesser tapering), architecture (less ramifications), and morphology (higher leaf area and specific leaf area).</p>
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              <p>L’agriculture contemporaine doit faire face à de nouveaux défis scientifiques et sociétaux (IAASTD 2009). De récentes études ont montré qu’il sera nécessaire de doubler la production agricole mondiale pour répondre à la demande   en   2050(Ray   et   al.   2013).  De  plus,  l’agriculture  doit  limiter  ses  externalités  négatives.  Le développement de nouveaux agrosystèmes plus résilients face aux pressions externes (réchauffement climatique, maladies, crise économique) et plus efficients dans leurs utilisations d’intrants fait partie des solutions avancées (Foley et al. 2011). L’agroforesterie consiste en l’association, sur une même parcelle, d’essences végétales pérennes et annuelles et éventuellement d’animaux (Dupraz  &amp;amp;  Liagre  2011).  Les  systèmes  agroforestiers (AFS) en  climat  tempéré  sont majoritairement composés  de  deux  strates:  la  strate  arborée  et  la  strate  herbacée.  Cependant,  un  système agroforestier à base de bois d’œuvre peut être enrichi d’une strate verticale intermédiaire composée d’arbre à fruits. Les intérêts et les défis d’un tel système réside  dans:  (i)  la  production  de  fruit,  (ii)  le  microclimat  et l’écophysiologie  des  plantes  et  (iii)  le  biocontrôle  des  ravageurs  et  maladies (Lauri   et   al.   2016). L’expérimentation a été mise en  place  en  2016combinant  des  noyers  hybrides  plantés  en  1995,  des  pommiers plantés en mars 2016 et une luzernière de 5 ans.Ce rapport s’intéresse aux effets de la compétition aérienne avec les noyers sur l’architecture et la morphologie des pommiers.L’AFS réduit la lumière incidente et le rayonnement global en plus de tamponner les variations quotidiennes de températures. Ces modifications du microclimat induisent une moindre variation quotidienne du potentiel hydrique (Ψ) ainsi que différentes  stratégie  de  croissance  des  pommiers. Je  montre  ici  des  effets  du contexte  agroforestier    sur  la  géométrie  des  pousses  du  pommier  (élancement  plus  important  et  conicité  moins élevée  en  agroforesterie),  sur  son  architecture  (moins  de  ramification  axillaire en  agroforesterie)  et  sur  sa morphologie foliaire (surface et surface foliaire spécifique plus grandes en agroforesterie).</p>
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  </text>
</TEI>