Central to the agroecological transition is biodiversity, which, once restored in agroecosystems, should provide multiple ecosystem services that result from the interactions between different organisms. However, the diversity of expected services raises questions about the capacity of agroecosystems to simultaneously provide many of them as well as the possible existence of synergies and antagonisms. In particular, the relationships between crop-associated biodiversity (i.e. biodiversity in action in crops) and spontaneous biodiversity (i.e. biodiversity not directly related to agriculture) remain unclear. In this article, we analyse the impact of hedgerows on the preservation of spontaneous biodiversity, on the promotion of biotic regulation services such as pollination and pest control in agriculture, and on the interactions between spontaneous and associated biodiversity. Our analysis of the scientific literature shows that hedgerows are unique assets for the preservation of spontaneous biodiversity, while they also provide biotic regulation services to adjacent crops but only under specific conditions, which need to be better understood. We propose a functional conceptual framework of the ecological effects of hedgerows on associated biodiversity and we highlight the possible synergistic and antagonistic effects related to hedgerow characteristics and the life-history traits of the organisms under consideration. Our analysis therefore seeks to overcome the cleavage between associated biodiversity and spontaneous biodiversity. This approach is in keeping with a more harmonious relationship between agriculture and biodiversity.