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                <title xml:lang="en">PSDR4 TIP TOP - A tool on agricultural landscapes, water and agroecological transition</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Crop management</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Agricultural landscapes</term>
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              <p>The present article concerns the results acquired by the TIP TOP project of PSDR4 program. The ambition was to document agricultural landscapes to account for their water related eco-functionalities, such as the closure of the large water cycle, nutrient recovery, protection of soils, water resources and wetlands. We present an overview of the OPALE (OPerational Assesment of Landscape Ecofonctionnalities) interface developed for this purpose giving the principles of the constitutive models. In particular, we were involved, through collective participation, in the production of a module related to the construction of the landscape by farms, depending on the decision-making rules and constraints of farmers involved in breeding or crops or vegetable production. We then propose a description of the functioning of the landscape by means of functions related to: (i) the pressures exerted by agricultural activities on the landscape-watershed and; (ii) their transfer to the hydrographic network, evaluated by means of particle tracking techniques. Various examples illustrate the steps of the diagnostic carried out by OPALE and its usefulness for prospective simulations related to new agricultural dynamics or new configurations of landscape structures and mosaics.</p>
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              <p>Cet article concerne les résultats acquis par le projet TIP TOP du Programme PSDR4. Il a eu pour ambition de documenter les paysages agricoles pour rendre compte d’éco-fonctionnalités liées aux écoulements d'eau, telles la fermeture du grand cycle de l’eau, la valorisation des éléments nutritifs et la protection des sols, des ressources en eau et des zones humides. Un aperçu de l’interface OPALE (OPerational Assesment of Landscape Ecofonctionnalities), développée dans cet objectif, est présenté, incluant les principes essentiels des modèles constitutifs. Il s’agit d’abord d’une construction collective, avec un module relatif à la fabrique du paysage par les exploitations, en lien avec les règles de décision et contraintes d’agriculteurs éleveurs, céréaliers ou maraîchers. On décrit ensuite le fonctionnement paysager par le biais de fonctions relatives: (i) aux pressions exercées par les activités agricoles sur le paysage-bassin versant et (ii) à leur transfert vers le réseau hydrographique par des techniques de traçage particulaire. Divers exemples illustrent les étapes du diagnostic opéré par OPALE et ses mises en perspective dans le cadre de simulations prospectives portant sur de nouvelles dynamiques agricoles ou de nouvelles configurations des structures et mosaïques paysagères.</p>
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