Intercropping ensures multiple benefits like enhancement of yield, environmental security, production sustainability, and greater ecosystem services. In order to better understand how mixed crop cultures mitigate stressful conditions, this study aims to highlight the beneficial effect of the intercropping legume-cereal in enhancing nutrient uptake for plant growth and productivity in low phosphorus (P) soils. To address this question, faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Sidi Aich) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Rihane 3) were grown as sole- and inter-crops over two growing seasons in 2017 and 2018 in a northern Algerian agro-ecosystem with a semiarid Mediterranean climate. The results showed that the plant growth and nodulation were significantly increased by 18% and 32%, respectively, for intercropping than for sole cropping and so more in 2018 compared to 2017. Moreover, grain yield and resource use efficiency (N and P) were significantly improved, as indicated by higher land equivalent ratio (LER > 1) in intercropping over sole cropping treatments. Also, the P and N concentrations measured in the rhizosphere were increased compared to bulk soil and even more so in the rhizosphere of intercropped species over two seasons. Our findings suggest that intercropping cereals with legumes may achieve high crop productivity and land use efficiency at reduced input levels.