Since the beginning of the 20th century, when plant resistance to aphids has been available, it has been widely used by farmers. This has boosted breeding programs for resistant cultivars. More recently, the inheritance of plant resistance has been understood for several crops. However, it is only when the plant-aphid relationship was compared to that of microbial pathogens, that aphid resistance has begun to be understood and integrated into the plant immune network. Until now, genes have only been identified for plant resistance in four crops and, for three of them (tomato, melon and wheat), these genes encode nucleotide-binding site LRR receptor (NLR) proteins responsible for aphid-effector triggered immunity. Aphids are vectors for many plant viruses, and aphid-effector triggering immunity when they pierce plant cells are expected to trigger resistance to the viruses that are transmit to the plant with effectors, as has been shown for aphid resistance in melon. This dual phenotype increases the interest of NLRs in the control of aphids. New NLRs and genes belonging to other families are also obviously involved in aphid resistance. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) are promising strategies to identify these genes when high throughput phenotyping is available