Linking seed size and number to trait syndromes in trees
Michal Bogdziewicz
(1)
,
Marie‐claire Aravena Acuña
(2)
,
Robert Andrus
(3)
,
Davide Ascoli
(4)
,
Yves Bergeron
(5)
,
Daniel Berveiller
(6, 7)
,
Thomas Boivin
(8)
,
Raul Bonal
(9)
,
Thomas Caignard
(10)
,
Maxime Cailleret
(11)
,
Rafael Calama
(12)
,
Sergio Donoso Calderon
(13)
,
J. Julio Camarero
(14)
,
Chia‐hao Chang-Yang
(15)
,
Jérôme Chave
(16)
,
Francesco Chianucci
(17)
,
Natalie Cleavitt
(18)
,
Benoit Courbaud
(1)
,
Andrea Cutini
(19)
,
Thomas Curt
(11)
,
Adrian J. Das
(20)
,
Hendrik Davi
(8)
,
Nicolas Delpierre
(6, 7)
,
Sylvain Delzon
(10)
,
Michael Dietze
(21)
,
Laurent Dormont
(22)
,
William Farfan-Rios
(23)
,
Catherine Gehring
(24)
,
Gregory Gilbert
(25)
,
Georg Gratzer
(26)
,
Cathryn Greenberg
(27)
,
Arthur Guignabert
(28)
,
Qinfeng Guo
(27)
,
Andrew Hacket-Pain
(29)
,
Arndt Hampe
(10)
,
Qingmin Han
(30)
,
Kazuhiko Hoshizaki
(31)
,
Ines Ibanez
(32)
,
Jill Johnstone
(33)
,
Valentin Journé
(1)
,
Thomas Kitzberger
(34)
,
Johannes Knops
(35)
,
Georges Kunstler
(1)
,
Richard Kobe
(36)
,
Jonathan Lageard
(37)
,
Jalene Lamontagne
(38)
,
Mateusz Ledwon
(39)
,
Theodor Leininger
(27)
,
Jean‐marc Limousin
(22)
,
James Lutz
(40)
,
Diana Macias
(41)
,
Anders Marell
(42)
,
Eliot Mcintire
(43)
,
Emily Moran
(44)
,
Renzo Motta
(4)
,
Jonathan A. Myers
(45)
,
Thomas Nagel
(46)
,
Shoji Naoe
(47)
,
Mahoko Noguchi
(47)
,
Michio Oguro
(30)
,
Hiroko Kurokawa
(30)
,
Jean‐marc Ourcival
(40)
,
Robert Parmenter
(48)
,
Ignacio Perez-Ramos
(49)
,
Lukasz Piechnik
(50)
,
Tomasz Podgórski
(51)
,
John Poulsen
(52)
,
Tong Qiu
(53)
,
Miranda Redmond
(54)
,
Chantal Reid
(52)
,
Kyle Rodman
(55)
,
Pavel Šamonil
(56)
,
C. Lane Scher
(52)
,
Jan Holik
(56)
,
Harald Schmidt van Marle
(57)
,
Barbara Seget
(58)
,
Mitsue Shibata
(59)
,
Shubhi Sharma
(60)
,
Miles Silman
(61)
,
Michael Steele
(62)
,
I‐fang Sun
(63)
,
Jacob Straub
(64)
,
Samantha Sutton
(52)
,
Jennifer J. Swenson
(52)
,
Thomas Veblen
(65)
,
Peter Thomas
(66)
,
Maria Uriarte
(67)
,
Giorgio Vacchiano
(68)
,
Boyd Wright
(69)
,
S. Joseph Wright
(70)
,
Thomas Whitham
(24)
,
Jess Zimmerman
(71)
,
Kai Zhu
(72)
,
Magdalna Zywiec
(73)
,
James Clark
(1, 74)
1
UR LESSEM -
Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne
2 CADIC - Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas [Ushuaia]
3 University of Colorado [Boulder]
4 UNITO - Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin
5 UQAT - Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue
6 AgroParisTech
7 ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution
8 URFM - Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes
9 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
10 BioGeCo - Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés
11 RECOVER - Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience
12 CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain]
13 Universidad de Chili / Departamento de Ciencias de la Computation
14 IPE - CSIC - Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza]
15 NKMU - National Kaohsiung Marine University [Taïwan]
16 EDB - Evolution et Diversité Biologique
17 Department of Computer Science [Ithaca]
18 Weill Cornell Medicine [Cornell University]
19 Centro di Viticoltura ed Enologia [CREA]
20 California Sciences Institute
21 BU - Boston University [Boston]
22 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
23 SLU - Saint Louis University
24 Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff]
25 UC - University of California
26 BOKU - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences [Vienne, Autriche]
27 USDA - USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ]
28 UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère
29 University of Liverpool
30 FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
31 Akita University
32 University of Michigan [Dearborn]
33 UAF - University of Alaska [Fairbanks]
34 UNCOMA - Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén]
35 XJTLU - Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
36 Michigan State University System
37 MMU - Manchester Metropolitan University
38 DePaul University [Chicago]
39 Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
40 USU - Utah State University
41 The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque]
42 UR EFNO - Ecosystèmes forestiers
43 SPH-UBC - St. Paul’s Hospital - University of British Columbia [Vancouver, BC, Canada]
44 SNS - School of Natural Sciences [Dadri]
45 WSU - Washington State University
46 University of Ljubljana
47 GSIS Mathematics - Research Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics, GSIS, Tohoku University
48 National Park Service
49 IRNAS - Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla
50 IO-PAN - Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
51 CZU - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
52 Duke University [Durham]
53 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University
54 CSU - Colorado State University [Fort Collins]
55 University of Wisconsin-Madison
56 SCI / MUNI - Faculty of Science [Brno]
57 Universidad Central de Chile
58 Université Jagellon de Cracovie [Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie]
59 Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba
60 Yale University [New Haven]
61 Wake Forest University
62 Wilkes University
63 NDHU - National Dong Hwa University
64 SUNY - State University of New York
65 University of Colorado [Colorado Springs]
66 Keele University [Keele]
67 Columbia University [New York]
68 UNIMI - Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan
69 UNE - University of New England
70 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
71 UPR - University of Puerto Rico
72 University of Michigan System
73 W. Szafer Institute of Botany
74 Nicholas School of the Environment
2 CADIC - Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas [Ushuaia]
3 University of Colorado [Boulder]
4 UNITO - Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin
5 UQAT - Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue
6 AgroParisTech
7 ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution
8 URFM - Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes
9 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
10 BioGeCo - Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés
11 RECOVER - Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience
12 CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain]
13 Universidad de Chili / Departamento de Ciencias de la Computation
14 IPE - CSIC - Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza]
15 NKMU - National Kaohsiung Marine University [Taïwan]
16 EDB - Evolution et Diversité Biologique
17 Department of Computer Science [Ithaca]
18 Weill Cornell Medicine [Cornell University]
19 Centro di Viticoltura ed Enologia [CREA]
20 California Sciences Institute
21 BU - Boston University [Boston]
22 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
23 SLU - Saint Louis University
24 Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff]
25 UC - University of California
26 BOKU - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences [Vienne, Autriche]
27 USDA - USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ]
28 UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère
29 University of Liverpool
30 FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
31 Akita University
32 University of Michigan [Dearborn]
33 UAF - University of Alaska [Fairbanks]
34 UNCOMA - Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén]
35 XJTLU - Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
36 Michigan State University System
37 MMU - Manchester Metropolitan University
38 DePaul University [Chicago]
39 Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
40 USU - Utah State University
41 The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque]
42 UR EFNO - Ecosystèmes forestiers
43 SPH-UBC - St. Paul’s Hospital - University of British Columbia [Vancouver, BC, Canada]
44 SNS - School of Natural Sciences [Dadri]
45 WSU - Washington State University
46 University of Ljubljana
47 GSIS Mathematics - Research Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics, GSIS, Tohoku University
48 National Park Service
49 IRNAS - Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla
50 IO-PAN - Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
51 CZU - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
52 Duke University [Durham]
53 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University
54 CSU - Colorado State University [Fort Collins]
55 University of Wisconsin-Madison
56 SCI / MUNI - Faculty of Science [Brno]
57 Universidad Central de Chile
58 Université Jagellon de Cracovie [Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie]
59 Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba
60 Yale University [New Haven]
61 Wake Forest University
62 Wilkes University
63 NDHU - National Dong Hwa University
64 SUNY - State University of New York
65 University of Colorado [Colorado Springs]
66 Keele University [Keele]
67 Columbia University [New York]
68 UNIMI - Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan
69 UNE - University of New England
70 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
71 UPR - University of Puerto Rico
72 University of Michigan System
73 W. Szafer Institute of Botany
74 Nicholas School of the Environment
Michal Bogdziewicz
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Davide Ascoli
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Thomas Boivin
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Thomas Caignard
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Valentin Journé
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Georges Kunstler
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Anders Marell
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Résumé
Aim Our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forest diversity under changing climate can benefit from knowledge about traits that are closely linked to fitness. We tested whether the link between traits and seed number and seed size is consistent with two hypotheses, termed the leaf economics spectrum and the plant size syndrome, or whether reproduction represents an independent dimension related to a seed size-seed number trade-off.Location Most of the data come from Europe, North and Central America and East Asia. A minority of the data come from South America, Africa and Australia.Time period 1960-2022.Major taxa studied Trees.Methods We gathered 12 million observations of the number of seeds produced in 784 tree species. We estimated the number of seeds produced by individual trees and scaled it up to the species level. Next, we used principal components analysis and generalized joint attribute modelling (GJAM) to map seed number and size on the tree traits spectrum.Results Incorporating seed size and number into trait analysis while controlling for environment and phylogeny with GJAM exposes relationships in trees that might otherwise remain hidden. Production of the large total biomass of seeds [product of seed number and seed size; hereafter, species seed productivity (SSP)] is associated with high leaf area, low foliar nitrogen, low specific leaf area (SLA) and dense wood. Production of high seed numbers is associated with small seeds produced by nutrient-demanding species with softwood, small leaves and high SLA. Trait covariation is consistent with opposing strategies: one fast-growing, early successional, with high dispersal, and the other slow-growing, stress-tolerant, that recruit in shaded conditions.Main conclusions Earth system models currently assume that reproductive allocation is indifferent among plant functional types. Easily measurable seed size is a strong predictor of the seed number and species seed productivity. The connection of SSP with the functional traits can form the first basis of improved fecundity prediction across global forests.
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