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L. Cependant and . Nombre, Deuxièmement, la porte d'entrée à ouverture verticale du piège standard ne se fermait pas jusqu'au sol. Les animaux qui attendaient dans le couloir d'abattage juste devant cette porte ont été fréquemment observés en train de regarder sous cette porte et de sursauter en réactions au son produit par le pistolet et l'effondrement de l'animal étourdi dans le piège (données non quantifiées). Ainsi, pour différentes raisons, l'entrée dans le piège standard pouvaient être source de plus de peur que l'entrée dans le piège rotatif. De plus, comme les abattages standard avaient lieu après les abattages halal au cours d'une même matinée, le comportement du personnel de l'abattoir étaient peut être différent en raison de la fatigue accumulée au moment des abattages standard. Enfin, de coups de pile était plus élevé pour faire entrer les animaux dans le piège standard par rapport au piège halal, 1998.

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, Après la mort, les réactions anaérobies liées à la dégradation du glycogène stocké dans le muscle continuent, et ont pour conséquence une accumulation de protons et de lactate provoquant l'acidification progressive du muscle

, Juste avant l'abattage, l'exercice physique et le stress émotionnel augmentent l'activité métabolique musculaire qui perdure après la mort, ayant ainsi pour conséquence une acidification plus importante, et donc, un pH post-mortem précoce plus faible, Ce phénomène est bien décrit chez les porcs, 1973.

D. Souza, , 1998.

;. Andersen and . Bourguet, et de récents travaux ont montré que chez les bovins aussi, les réactions de stress au moment de l'abattage sont associées à une diminution du pH plus rapide, 2003.

, Dans ce dernier cas, suite aux efforts physiques et au stress émotionnel pendant la période de pré-abattage, le muscle est en manque de glycogène. Par conséquent, les réactions anaérobies s'arrêtent précocement

, Discussion Le pH post-mortem précoce plus faible (encadré 3) chez les femelles halal par rapport aux femelles standard suggère que certains aspects des procédures de l'abattage halal produisaient plus de stress émotionnel ou d'efforts physiques que les procédures de l'abattage standard. Toutefois, la température précoce post-mortem plus faible chez les femelles halal par rapport aux femelles standard n'est pas en accord avec les résultats obtenus sur le pH. Le métabolisme musculaire post-mortem est une réaction exothermique, et en général, on observe une association négative entre la température et le pH (Bendall, 1973.

, A première vue, on pouvait s'attendre à ce que les compressions provoquent un stress émotionnel ou un effort physique, aboutissant à des valeurs de pH plus faibles. Néanmoins, la chute plus lente du pH peut s'expliquer par les effets mécaniques des -ANNEXE -230 compressions sur le fonctionnement des muscles, Les résultats montrent aussi que la fréquence et/ou la durée des compressions a influencé le pH précoce post-mortem dans les muscles ST et LD des mâles

, Ainsi, il semble nécessaire de se préoccuper des compressions des animaux dans l'abattoir

. Owens, Chez les mâles halal, la chute du pH post-mortem plus rapide observée chez les animaux plus âgés par apport aux plus jeunes est cohérente avec de précédents résultats obtenus chez les cailles, 2000.

L. Mitchell, rotatif peut être source de stress, car plus les animaux passaient de temps dans le piège rotatif avant le retournement de celui-ci, plus leur taux d'hématocrite était élevé. Comme expliqué précédemment, les efforts physiques et/ou le stress émotionnel peuvent induire une augmentation du taux d'hématocrite, 1988.

, Peu de signes physiques ont été observés suite à l'étourdissement. Le réflexe cornéen a été vérifié chez

. O'leary, ;. Sheriff, and . Nishiyasu, De plus, les compressions peuvent avoir des effets systémiques, y compris sur la pression sanguine, la fréquence cardiaque et la libération d'hormones (O'Leary et Sheriff, 1995.

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, Résumé Stress pendant la période d'abattage chez les bovins : Rôles de la réactivité émotionnelle et des facteurs environnementaux

, Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (i) de mieux comprendre l'origine des réactions des bovins au cours de la période d'abattage, et (ii) d'évaluer leur stress d'un point de vue comportemental et physiologique à l'aide d'études menées à la fois en abattoir industriel et dans des conditions expérimentales. Nos travaux sur le terrain mettent en évidence la nécessité de tenir compte de toutes les procédures d'abattage, y compris les plus courtes, ainsi que des contraintes organisationnelles des abattoirs car elles influencent l'état de stress des bovins. Pendant la période d'élevage, la caractérisation des bovins selon leur réactivité émotionnelle, qui dépend en partie de leur expérience antérieure et de leur race, permet d'identifier les animaux susceptibles de réagir plus fortement aux procédures d'abattage. Elle permet également de déterminer les facteurs de stress prépondérants associés à ces procédures. Ainsi, la nouveauté et la séparation sociale expliquent en partie les réactions de stress à l'abattage chez les vaches. Chez les taurillons, les réactions de stress à l'abattage sont liées à leur réactivité cardiaque à la soudaineté et à l'Homme. De plus, les bovins réagissent plus fortement à différents facteurs de stress lorsqu, La période d'abattage est complexe car elle se compose d'une succession de situations associées à une multitude de facteurs de stress. L'animal est généralement privé d'alimentation et est ensuite confronté à un environnement changeant et contraignant qui demande en permanence des adaptations comportementales et physiologiques affectant son état émotionnel

, Afin de réduire le niveau de stress des bovins pendant la période d'abattage, nos travaux montrent qu'il est possible d'agir sur l'environnement en limitant les sources de stress directes et indirectes