J. Ak-'habuhaya and M. Lodenius, Metal pollution of river Msimbazi, Tanzania, Environment International, vol.14, issue.6, pp.511-515, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-4120(88)90412-6

B. Almli, M. Mwase, T. Sivertsen, M. Musonda, and A. Flåøyen, Hepatic and renal concentrations of 10 trace elements in crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Kafue and Luangwa rivers in Zambia, Science of The Total Environment, vol.337, issue.1-3, pp.75-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.019

A. Aufderheide, W. Jr, and L. , Selected aspects of the distribution of lead in bone, Neurotoxins, vol.13, pp.809-829, 1992.

M. Bayless, Monitor lizards: a pan-African check-list of their zoogeography (Sauria: Varanidae: Polydaedalus), Journal of Biogeography, vol.33, issue.12, pp.1643-701, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90124-7

A. Beeby, What do sentinels stand for?, Environmental Pollution, vol.112, issue.2, pp.285-98, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00038-5

D. Bennett, Diet of Juvenile Varanus niloticus (Sauria: Varanidae) on the Black Volta River in Ghana, Journal of Herpetology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.116-123, 2002.
DOI : 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0116:DOJVNS]2.0.CO;2

W. Beresford, M. Donovan, J. Henninger, and M. Waalkes, Lead in the bone and soft tissues of box turtles caught near smelters, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.30, issue.1, pp.349-52, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01611031

P. Berny, N. Sadoul, S. Dol, B. Videman, Y. Kayser et al., ) eggs in the rh??ne Delta, Southern France, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.36, issue.374, pp.520-526, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620210308

P. Berny, V. De-buffrénil, and G. Hémery, Use of the Nile Monitor, Varanus niloticus L (Reptilia: Varanidae), as a Bioindicator of Organochlorine Pollution in African Wetlands, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.77, issue.3, pp.359-66, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00128-006-1074-z

C. Biney, A. Amuzu, D. Calamari, N. Kaba, I. Mbome et al., Review of Heavy Metals in the African Aquatic Environment, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.28, issue.2, pp.134-59, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.1994.1041

J. Boman, A. Wagner, H. Brauer, V. Binh, D. Boman et al., Trace elements in tissues from Vietnamese animals, X-Ray Spectrometry, vol.214, issue.45, pp.388-92, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/xrs.513

C. Brönmark and L. Hansson, Environmental issues in lakes and ponds: current state and perspectives, Environmental Conservation, vol.29, issue.03, pp.290-306, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0376892902000218

J. Burger, A framework and methods for incorporating gender-related issues in wildlife risk assessment: Gender-related differences in metal levels and other contaminants as a case study, Environmental Research, vol.104, issue.1, pp.153-62, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.001

J. Burger, Assessment and management of risk to wildlife from cadmium, Science of The Total Environment, vol.389, issue.1, pp.37-45, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.037

J. Burger, S. Reilly, and M. Gochfeld, Comparison of lead levels in bone, feathers, and liver of herring gull chicks (Larus argentatus), Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol.41, issue.2, pp.289-93, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90100-T

J. Burger, K. Campbell, and T. Campbell, GENDER AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN BROWN ANOLES (ANOLIS SAGREI) IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.23, issue.3, pp.712-720, 2004.
DOI : 10.1897/02-647

J. Burger, K. Campbell, T. Campbell, T. Shukla, C. Jeitner et al., Use of Skin and Blood as Nonlethal Indicators of Heavy Metal Contamination in Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon), Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.232-240, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00244-004-0098-9

J. Burger, K. Campbell, S. Murray, T. Campbell, K. Gaines et al., Metal levels in blood, muscle and liver of water snakes (Nerodia spp.) from New Jersey, Tennessee and South Carolina, Science of The Total Environment, vol.373, issue.2-3, pp.556-63, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.06.018

D. Calamari, Review of the state of aquatic pollution of West and Central African inland waters. CIFA/OP12, 1985.

K. Campbell, Ecotoxicology of crocodilians, Applied Herpetology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.45-163, 2003.
DOI : 10.1163/157075403766451225

K. Campbell, T. Campbell, and J. Burger, Heavy Metal Concentrations in Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon) from East Fork Poplar Creek and the Little River, East Tennessee, USA, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.12, issue.2, pp.239-287, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00244-004-0200-3

J. Castanet and E. Roche, D??termination de l'??ge chez le l??zard des murailles, Lacerta muralis (Laurenti, 1768) au moyen de la squeletto-chronologie, Revue suisse de zoologie., vol.88, issue.1, pp.215-241, 1981.
DOI : 10.5962/bhl.part.82365

F. Caurant, P. Bustamante, M. Bordes, and P. Miramand, Bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in some Tissues of Three Species of Marine Turtles Stranded Along the French Atlantic Coasts, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1085-91, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00109-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00922297

J. Chambers, A. Freeny, and R. Heiberger, Analysis of variance ? designed experiments, Statistical models in S, 1992.

R. Cowles, The life history of Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus) as observed in Natal, South Africa, J Entomol Zool, vol.22, issue.1, pp.1-31, 1936.

V. De-buffrénil and J. Castanet, Age Estimation by Skeletochronology in the Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus), a Highly Exploited Species, Journal of Herpetology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.414-438, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/1565365

V. De-buffrénil, C. Chabanet, and J. Castanet, ) dans la r??gion du lac Tchad, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.72, issue.2, pp.262-73, 1994.
DOI : 10.1139/z94-036

V. De-buffrénil and H. Francillon-vieillot, Ontogenetic changes in bone compactness in male and female Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus), Journal of Zoology, vol.109, issue.1, pp.539-585, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/jmor.1051930309

V. De-buffrénil and G. Hémery, Variation in Longevity, Growth, and Morphology in Exploited Nile Monitors (Varanus niloticus) from Sahelian Africa, Journal of Herpetology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.419-445, 2002.
DOI : 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0419:VILGAM]2.0.CO;2

V. De-buffrénil and G. Hémery, Harvest of the Nile monitor, Varanus niloticus, in Sahelian Africa. Part I: demographic impact of professional capture technique, Mertensiella, vol.16, pp.181-94, 2007.

V. De-buffrénil and G. Hémery, Harvest of the Nile monitor, Varanus niloticus, in Sahelian Africa. Part II: life history traits of harvested monitors, Mertensiella, vol.16, pp.195-217, 2007.

V. De-buffrénil, A. Houssaye, and W. Böhme, Bone vascular supply in monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae): Influence of size, growth, and phylogeny, Journal of Morphology, vol.44, issue.5, pp.533-576, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/jmor.10604

V. De-buffrénil, Les varans africains: Varanus niloticus et Varanus exanthematicus Données de synthèse sur leur biologie et leur exploitation. CITES secrétariatGland, Switzerland: Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement, 1993.

V. De-buffrénil and F. Rimblot-baly, Female reproductive output in exploited Nile monitor lizard (<i>Varanus niloticus</i> L.) populations in Sahelian Africa, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.77, issue.10, pp.1530-1539, 1999.
DOI : 10.1139/cjz-77-10-1530

C. De-meeûs, G. Eduljee, and M. Hutton, Assessment and management of risks arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers. I, Science of The Total Environment, vol.291, issue.1-3, pp.167-87, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01098-1

E. and E. Commission, Decision 2455 establishing the list of priority substances in the eld of water policy and amending Directive Table 1: List of priority substances in the eld of water policy, EC of the European ParliamentEC. Annex, vol.60, issue.10, 2000.

J. Elder and J. Collins, Freshwater Molluscs as Indicators of Bioavailability and Toxicity of Metals in Surface-Water Systems, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.122, pp.37-79, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3198-1_2

M. Frías-espericueta, J. Osuna-lópez, A. Ruiz-telles, J. Quintero-alvarez, G. López-lópez et al., Heavy Metals in the Tissues of the Sea Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea from a Nesting Site of the Northwest Coast of Mexico, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.77, issue.2, pp.179-85, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00128-006-1048-1

R. Goyer, TOXIC AND ESSENTIAL METAL INTERACTIONS, Annual Review of Nutrition, vol.17, issue.1, pp.37-50, 1997.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.37

Y. Greichus, A. Greichus, B. Ammann, D. Call, D. Hamman et al., Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. I. Hartbeespoort 4744 A. Ciliberti et al, Science of the Total Environment, vol.409, pp.4735-4745, 2011.

T. Dam and V. Dam, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.6, pp.371-83, 1977.

Y. Greichus, A. Greichus, B. Ammann, and J. Hopcraft, Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in african lake ecosystems. III. Lake Nakuru, Kenya, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.16, issue.5, pp.454-61, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01685825

Y. Greichus, A. Greichus, H. Draayer, and B. Marshall, Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in african lake ecosystems. II. Lake Mcllwaine, Rhodesia, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.37, issue.1, pp.444-53, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01685824

B. Grillitsch, L. Schiesari, D. Sparling, G. Linder, C. Bishop et al., The Ecotoxicology of Metals in Reptiles, Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles, pp.337-448, 2010.
DOI : 10.1201/EBK1420064162-c12

R. Hall, Effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles: a review. Special scientic report ? wildlife, No. 228. Washington D.C: United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980.

W. Hopkins, J. Roe, J. Snodgrass, B. Jackson, D. Kling et al., Nondestructive indices of trace element exposure in squamate reptiles, Environmental Pollution, vol.115, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00098-7

W. Hopkins, J. Roe, J. Snodgrass, B. Staub, B. Jackson et al., Effects of chronic dietary exposure to trace elements on banded water snakes (Nerodia fasciata)

L. Järup, M. Berglund, C. Elinder, G. Nordberg, and M. Vahter, Health effects of cadmium exposure ? a review of the literature and a risk estimate, Scand J Work Environ Health, vol.14, issue.1, pp.1-51, 1998.

S. Karlsson, The North?South knowledge divide: consequences for global environmental governance Strengthening global environmental governance: options and opportunities. Nex Haven CT: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 2002.

S. Karlsson, T. Srebotnjak, and P. Gonzales, Understanding the North???South knowledge divide and its implications for policy: a quantitative analysis of the generation of scientific knowledge in the environmental sciences, Environmental Science & Policy, vol.10, issue.7-8, pp.668-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsci.2007.04.001

D. King and B. Green, Monitors: the biology of varanid lizards, 1993.

T. Lacher and M. Goldstein, Tropical ecotoxicology: Status and needs, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.233, issue.1, pp.100-111, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620160111

M. Lambert, Lizards used as bioindicators to monitor pesticide contamination in sub-Saharan Africa: A review, Applied Herpetology, vol.2, issue.2, pp.99-107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1163/1570754043492108

V. Lance, T. Cort, J. Masuoka, R. Lawson, and P. Saltman, Unusually high zinc concentrations in snake plasma, with observations on plasma zinc concentrations in lizards, turtles and alligators, Journal of Zoology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.577-85, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb01769.x

V. Lance, T. Horn, R. Elsey, and A. De-peyster, Chronic incidental lead ingestion in a group of captive-reared alligators (Alligator mississipiensis): possible contribution to reproductive failure, Comp Biochem Physiol C, vol.142, pp.30-35, 2006.

S. Lenz, Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766) in Gambia, Westafrika, Zur Biologie und Ökologie des Nilswarans Mertensiella, vol.5, pp.1-256, 1995.

L. Luiselli, G. Akani, and D. Capizzi, Is there any interspecific competition between dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis) and Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus ornatus) in the swamps of central Africa? A study from south-eastern Nigeria, Journal of Zoology, vol.49, issue.1, pp.127-158, 1999.
DOI : 10.1071/WR9790347

R. Mann, J. Sánchez-hernádez, E. Serra, and A. Soares, Bioaccumulation of Cd by a European lacertid lizard after chronic exposure to Cd-contaminated food, Chemosphere, vol.68, issue.8, pp.1525-1559, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.021

N. Riagu and J. , Toxic metal pollution in Africa, Sci Total Environ, vol.121, pp.1-37, 1992.

O. Flaherty and E. , Modeling bone mineral metabolism, with special reference to calcium and lead, Neurotoxins, vol.13, pp.789-98, 1992.

H. Ochieng, E. De-ruyter-van-steveninck, and F. Wanda, Mouthpart deformities in Chironomidae (Diptera) as indicators of heavy metal pollution in northern Lake Victoria, Uganda, African Journal of Aquatic Science, vol.33, issue.2, pp.135-177, 2008.
DOI : 10.2989/AJAS.2008.33.2.4.501

D. Peakall and J. Burger, Methodologies for assessing exposure to metals: speciation, bioavailability of metals, and ecological host factors, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.56, issue.1, pp.110-131, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00055-1

A. Pérez and K. Anderson, DGT estimates cadmium accumulation in wheat and potato from phosphate fertilizer applications, Science of The Total Environment, vol.407, issue.18, pp.5096-103, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.045

R. Phelps, S. Focardi, S. Fossi, C. Leonzio, and A. Renzoni, Chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals in Crocodile eggs from Zimbabwe, Trans Zimbabwe Scient Assoc, vol.63, pp.8-15, 1986.

M. Prudente, S. Tanabe, T. Kunisue, G. Yasunaga, I. Watanabe et al., Accumulation of trace elements and persistent organochlorines in resident and migratory waders from Calatagan Bay, Philippines. Coast Mar Sci, vol.29, issue.2, pp.133-173, 2005.

R. Development and C. Team, R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing3-900051-07-0, 2010.

M. Rabinowitz, Toxicokinetics of bone lead, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.91, pp.33-40, 1991.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.919133

F. Ramade, Introduction à l'écotoxicologie. Fondements et applications, 2010.

M. Rie, K. Lendas, and I. Callard, Cadmium: tissue distribution and binding protein induction in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol.130, issue.1, pp.41-51, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00219-8

J. Rogers, A. Mitchell, C. Maric, K. Sandberg, A. Myers et al., Effect of sex hormones on renal estrogen and angiotensin type 1 receptors in female and male rats, AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.292, issue.2, pp.794-803, 2007.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpregu.00424.2006

J. Ross and . Crocodiles, Status survey and conservation action plan Switzerland and Cmabridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, 1998.

H. Sakai, K. Saeki, H. Ichihachi, H. Suganuma, S. Tanabe et al., Species-Specific Distribution of Heavy Metals in Tissues and Organs of Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) and Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) from Japanese Coastal Waters, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.40, issue.8, pp.701-710, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00008-4

A. Sowunmi, Incidence of gill asymmetry in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from Asejire Reservoir, Southwest Nigeria, West Afr J Appl Ecol, vol.7, pp.135-175, 2005.

D. Sparling, G. Linder, C. Bishop, and S. Krest, Ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptiles, Pensacola: Society of Environmental Toxicology and ChemistrySETAC

A. Stoica, B. Katzenellenbogen, and M. Martin, Activation of estrogen receptor-alpha by the heavy metal cadmium, Mol Endocrinol, vol.14, issue.4, pp.545-53, 2000.

M. Storelli, E. Ceci, and G. Marcotrigiano, Distribution of Heavy Metal Residues in Some Tissues of Caretta caretta (Linnaeus) Specimen Beached Along the Adriatic Sea (Italy), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.60, issue.4, pp.546-52, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001289900660

D. Swanepoel, Nile crocodile research project in Kruger National Park South Africa Proceedings of the 14th working meeting of the crocodile specialist group of the species survival commission of IUCN ? the world conservation union, pp.221-230, 1998.

D. Swanepoel, J. Boomker, and N. Kriek, Selected chemical parameters in the blood and metals in the organs of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, in the Kruger National Park, Onderstepoort J Vet Res, vol.67, pp.141-149, 2000.

M. Taylor, Accumulation of cadmium derived from fertilisers in New Zealand soils, Science of The Total Environment, vol.208, issue.1-2, pp.123-129, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00273-8

G. Thompson, Goanna metabolism: is it different to other lizards, and if so what are the ecological consequences?, Mertensiella, vol.11, pp.79-90, 1999.

F. Trinchella, M. Riggio, S. Filosa, M. Volpe, E. Parisi et al., Cadmium distribution and metallothionein expression in lizard tissues following acute and chronic cadmium intoxication, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol.144, issue.3, pp.272-280, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.09.004

M. Vahter, A. Åkesson, C. Lidén, S. Ceccatelli, and M. Berglund, Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals, Environmental Research, vol.104, issue.1, pp.85-95, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2006.08.003

. Wmo, The atmospheric inputs of trace species to the world ocean Report and Studies. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientic Aspects of Marine PollutionGeneva: World Meteorological Organization, 1989.

Q. Xu, S. Fang, Z. Wang, and Z. Wang, Heavy Metal Distribution in Tissues and Eggs of Chinese Alligator (Alligator sinensis), Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.16, issue.3, pp.580-586, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00244-005-1018-3

J. Yabe, M. Ishizuka, and T. Umemura, Current Levels of Heavy Metal Pollution in Africa, Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, vol.72, issue.10, pp.1257-63, 2010.
DOI : 10.1292/jvms.10-0058

J. Yoshinaga, T. Suzuki, T. Hongo, M. Minagawa, R. Ohtsuka et al., Mercury concentration correlates with the nitrogen stable isotope ratio in the animal food of papuans, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.24, issue.1, pp.37-45, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0147-6513(92)90033-Y

A. Ciliberti, The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus; Squamata: Varanidae) as a sentinel species for lead and cadmium contamination in sub-Saharan wetlands, Science of The Total Environment, vol.409, issue.22, pp.4735-4745, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.028
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00721098

A. Food and . Organization, Prevention and disposal of obsolete and unwanted pesticide stocks in Africa and the Near East. Field document GCP/INT/572/NET, FAO Disposal Series 1. First consultation, United Nations, 1994.

A. Beeby, What do sentinels stand for?, Environmental Pollution, vol.112, issue.2, pp.285-298, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00038-5

F. Ramade, Introduction a` l'Ecotoxicologie. Fondements et Applications, 2010.

V. Buffrénil, . De, C. Chabanet, and J. Castanet, ) dans la r??gion du lac Tchad, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.72, issue.2, pp.262-273, 1994.
DOI : 10.1139/z94-036

V. Buffrénil, . De, and G. Hémery, Harvest of the Nile monitor, Varanus niloticus, in Sahelian Africa. Part II: Life history traits of harvested monitors, Mertensiella, vol.16, pp.195-217, 2007.

D. Bennett, Diet of Juvenile Varanus niloticus (Sauria: Varanidae) on the Black Volta River in Ghana, Journal of Herpetology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.116-117, 2002.
DOI : 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0116:DOJVNS]2.0.CO;2

M. Cissé, L'alimentation des Varanidésa uS e ´négal, Bull IFAN, vol.34, pp.503-515, 1972.

S. Lenz, Zur Biologie und O ¨ kologie des Nilswarans, Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766) in Gambia, Westafrika. Mertensiella, vol.5, pp.1-256, 1995.

L. Luiselli, G. Akani, and D. Capizzi, Is there any interspecific competition between dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis) and Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus ornatus) in the swamps of central Africa? A study from south-eastern Nigeria, Journal of Zoology, vol.49, issue.1, pp.127-131, 1999.
DOI : 10.1071/WR9790347

S. Lenz, Varanus niloticus, Varanoid Lizards of the World, pp.133-138, 2004.

G. Thompson, Goanna metabolism: Is it different to other lizards, and if so what are the ecological consequences, Mertensiella, vol.11, pp.79-90, 1999.

V. Buffrénil, . De, and J. Castanet, Age Estimation by Skeletochronology in the Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus), a Highly Exploited Species, Journal of Herpetology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.414-424, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/1565365

V. Buffrénil and . De, Les varans africains: Varanus niloticus et Varanus exanthematicus Données de synthèse sur leur biologie et leur exploitation, CITES/PNUE, 1993.

V. Buffrénil, . De, and G. Hémery, Harvest of the Nile monitor, Varanus niloticus, in Sahelian Africa. Part I: Demographic impact of professional capture technique, Mertensiella, vol.16, pp.181-194, 2007.

S. Best, Some Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Wildlife of the Northern Territory, Australia, 1970-71, Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, vol.26, issue.5, pp.1161-1170, 1973.
DOI : 10.1071/BI9731161

P. Berny, V. Buffrénil, . De, and G. Hémery, Use of the Nile Monitor, Varanus niloticus L (Reptilia: Varanidae), as a Bioindicator of Organochlorine Pollution in African Wetlands, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.77, issue.3, pp.359-366, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00128-006-1074-z

J. Harmsen, An African approach for risk reduction of soil contaminated by pesticides. LoA. FAO 37386, African Stockpile Project, 2008.

C. Lemarchand, R. Rosoux, and P. Berny, Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, heavy metals and anticoagulant rodenticides in tissues of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) from upper Loire River catchment (France), Chemosphere, vol.80, issue.10, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.026

R. Development and C. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010.

M. King and D. King, Chromosomal evolution in the lizard genus Varanus (Reptilia), Aust J Biol Sci, vol.28, pp.89-108, 1975.

D. Solla, S. Sparling, D. Linder, G. Bishop, and C. , Organic Contaminants in Reptiles, Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, pp.289-324, 2010.
DOI : 10.1201/EBK1420064162-c10

R. Hall, Effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles: A review. Special scientific report ? wildlife 228. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980.

K. Campbell and T. Campbell, Lizard Contaminant Data for Ecological Risk Assessment, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.165, pp.39-116, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-1172-3_2

K. Campbell and T. Campbell, The accumulation and effects of environmental contaminants on snakes: A review, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.70, issue.3, pp.253-301, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010731409732

O. , U. ¨. Akay, and M. , Histopathological Investigations of the effects of malathion on dwarf lizards (Lacerta parva, 1887.

R. Holem, W. Hpokins, and L. Talent, Effects of repeated exposure to malathion on growth, food consumption, and locomotor performance of the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), Environmental Pollution, vol.152, issue.1, pp.92-98
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.05.017

V. Lance, T. Horn, R. Elsey, and A. De-peyster, Chronic incidental lead ingestion in a group of captive reared alligators (Alligator mississipiensis): Possible contribution to reproductive failure, Comp Biochem Physiol C, vol.142, pp.30-35, 2006.

M. Cissé, Evolution de la graisse de réserve et cycle génital chez Varanus n. niloticus L, Bull IFAN, vol.35, pp.169-179, 1973.